The Honorable Donald J. Trump
President of the United States
The White House
1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
Washington, D.C. 20500
Subject: Report on the State of Men and Boys in America 2025
Dear Mr. President,
I am writing this letter to accompany the report on the “State of Men and Boys in America,” which provides a comprehensive analysis of the critical challenges facing men and boys in our nation today. This document is not only a reflection of current trends and issues but also a call to action—a blueprint for fostering greater well-being, productivity, and fulfillment among this vital demographic. I urge you to consider establishing a Commission on Men and Boys, as well as developing a national strategy to support men and boys, to address the issues highlighted in this report among other pressing concerns. As President, your leadership and attention to these matters are essential in addressing and resolving them effectively.
The report identifies several key challenges that disproportionately affect men and boys, including:
These challenges not only threaten the health and stability of men and boys but also have a cascading impact on families, communities, and society at large. Addressing these issues is not merely a matter of equity but a crucial step toward building a healthier and more prosperous nation.
The report also presents actionable recommendations, including:
Your administration’s focus on empowering all Americans aligns with these goals. By establishing a Commission on Boys and Men, as outlined in the report, we can prioritize targeted research and policy development to address these challenges systematically and effectively. Such a step would demonstrate a commitment to equity and opportunity for all citizens, ensuring that men and boys have the resources and support necessary to thrive.
In conclusion, I urge you to consider the findings and recommendations of the “State of Men and Boys” report as a critical component of your administration’s vision for a stronger, more inclusive America. Your leadership in this area would not only uplift countless individuals but also strengthen the fabric of our nation for generations to come.
Thank you for your attention to this important matter. I look forward to the opportunity to discuss these issues further and collaborate on solutions that benefit men, boys, and society as a whole.
Sincerely,
Brian C. Alston
Commissioner, Hawaii State Commission on Fatherhood
Kauai, Hawaii USA
Brianca9999@icloud.com
(808) 378-9096
WHITE PAPER ON THE STATE OF MEN AND BOYS IN AMERICA
Table of Contents
Overview of the Challenges Faced by Men and Boys in America. 4
Key Findings and Recommendations for Addressing These Issues. 5
Vision for Federal Involvement and Policy Change. 6
Historical Context of the Challenges Faced by Men and Boys. 8
Importance of Addressing These Issues for Societal Well-Being. 8
Purpose and Scope of the White Paper 9
KEY ISSUES AFFECTING MEN AND BOYS. 10
Mental Health and Loneliness. 10
Employment and Economic Challenges. 15
Family and Relationship Dynamics. 18
ANALYSIS OF CURRENT POLICIES AND GAPS. 23
Review of existing federal, state, and community initiatives. 23
Identification of Gaps in Addressing the Needs of Men and Boys. 25
Impact of Systemic Issues Like Incarceration and the School-to-Prison Pipeline. 27
Strengthening Families and Relationships. 37
Restoring Purpose and Values. 40
CASE STUDIES AND EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACHES. 43
Examples of successful programs (e.g., H.E.A.L. Hawaii, Richard Reeves’ initiatives) 43
Lessons learned from community-based interventions. 45
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT’S ROLE.. 46
Development of a national strategy for supporting men and boys. 46
Creation of a Commission on Boys and Men. 48
Federal support for state and local programs addressing these issues. 49
Urgent need for a national focus on the well-being of men and boys. 50
Collaboration among policymakers, educators, healthcare providers, and community leaders. 52
Reiterating the importance of addressing the challenges faced by men and boys. 53
Vision for a healthier, more inclusive society. 54
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Overview of the Challenges Faced by Men and Boys in America
The challenges confronting men and boys in America are numerous, deep-seated, and multifaceted, affecting their well-being, sense of purpose, and societal roles. Central to these issues is the rise in “deaths of despair,” including suicides, opioid overdoses, and alcohol-related illnesses, which disproportionately impact men. According to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), men account for nearly 80% of all suicides in the United States, with middle-aged white men being particularly vulnerable. These tragedies are compounded by a pervasive stigma surrounding mental health, which discourages many men from seeking help or accessing resources.
Another pressing challenge is the growing epidemic of loneliness and social isolation among men. Studies have shown that men are less likely than women to cultivate close friendships and support networks, leaving them increasingly isolated. This lack of connection can exacerbate feelings of purposelessness and despair, contributing to declining mental health outcomes. As societal expectations evolve, traditional male roles as breadwinners and providers have shifted, leaving many men struggling to redefine their place within families and communities.
Educational disparities also pose a significant challenge. Boys lag behind girls in academic achievement at nearly every level, from elementary school through higher education. For instance, boys are more likely to be diagnosed with learning disabilities, suspended from school, or drop out entirely. These gaps are even more pronounced among boys of color and those from low-income households, who face systemic barriers that hinder their educational success. The lack of male role models in educational settings further compounds this issue, as only about 24% of teachers in U.S. public schools are men, and the percentage is even lower in elementary and middle schools.
Economic challenges further complicate the picture. The decline of traditional male-dominated industries such as manufacturing and mining has left many men without stable employment opportunities. This economic shift has disproportionately impacted men without college degrees, who are now more likely to face underemployment or long-term joblessness. The result is a growing population of men who feel economically and socially marginalized, further fueling a sense of frustration and disconnection.
The erosion of family structures has also taken a toll on men and boys. The rise in single-parent households, often led by women, means that many boys grow up without consistent male role models. This absence can lead to difficulties in emotional regulation, academic performance, and social development. Additionally, men who are estranged from their children due to custody battles or other family dynamics often experience profound emotional distress and a diminished sense of purpose.
Compounding these challenges is the increasing criminalization of men, particularly young men of color. The school-to-prison pipeline disproportionately affects boys, with Black and Latino boys facing higher rates of suspension, expulsion, and juvenile detention compared to their white peers. Once involved in the criminal justice system, these young men face significant barriers to reintegration, including limited employment opportunities and social stigma.
Health disparities also emerge as a critical issue. Men are less likely than women to visit doctors or seek preventive care, leading to worse health outcomes overall. Chronic illnesses such as heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension are more prevalent among men, and many delay treatment until conditions become severe. This reluctance to prioritize health is often rooted in societal norms that equate masculinity with toughness and invulnerability.
The digital age has introduced new challenges, particularly for young men. Social media and video games, while offering outlets for connection and recreation, have also contributed to increased isolation and addiction. Many young men report struggling to navigate the pressures of digital life, including cyberbullying, unrealistic portrayals of success, and the temptation of escapism through gaming or online forums.
Another significant challenge is the decline in civic engagement among men. Participation in community organizations, volunteerism, and other forms of civic involvement has decreased over the past several decades. This decline reflects a broader disengagement from public life, leaving many men feeling disconnected from their communities and unable to contribute meaningfully.
Societal perceptions of masculinity have also become a point of contention. The traditional ideals of stoicism, dominance, and self-reliance are increasingly at odds with modern values that emphasize emotional intelligence, collaboration, and inclusivity. This cultural shift has left many men grappling with conflicting messages about what it means to be a man, contributing to identity crises and feelings of inadequacy.
Finally, systemic barriers and biases within institutions exacerbate these challenges. Policies and programs often adopt a gender-neutral approach, failing to recognize the unique needs and struggles of men and boys. Without targeted interventions, these systemic issues are likely to persist, further marginalizing this demographic and perpetuating cycles of disadvantage.
Key Findings and Recommendations for Addressing These Issues
The findings presented in this white paper underscore the urgent need for a comprehensive, multi-pronged approach to addressing the challenges faced by men and boys in America. Key recommendations include expanding access to mental health services tailored specifically for men. This could involve increasing funding for male-focused therapy programs, training mental health professionals to address gender-specific issues, and launching public awareness campaigns to reduce stigma surrounding mental health.
Educational reforms are critical to closing the achievement gap for boys. These reforms should include early interventions to support boys with learning disabilities, initiatives to recruit more male educators, and programs that promote positive behavioral development. Additionally, mentorship programs that connect boys with successful male role models can provide guidance and inspiration.
Economic policies should focus on creating opportunities for men in emerging industries such as technology, healthcare, and renewable energy. Job training and apprenticeship programs can help men transition into these fields, while targeted tax incentives can encourage employers to hire and retain male workers. Addressing wage disparities and promoting workplace flexibility will also be crucial to improving economic outcomes for men.
Family-focused initiatives are essential to strengthening the role of fathers and promoting healthy family dynamics. Policies that support shared parenting, such as paid paternity leave and flexible work schedules, can encourage men to take a more active role in their children’s lives. Community programs that offer parenting classes and support groups for fathers can also help men navigate the challenges of parenthood.
Addressing the school-to-prison pipeline requires a systemic overhaul of disciplinary practices in schools. Implementing restorative justice programs, reducing reliance on suspensions and expulsions, and increasing access to counseling services can help keep boys in school and out of the criminal justice system. Additionally, expanding access to diversion programs and rehabilitation services for young offenders can provide alternatives to incarceration.
Health initiatives should aim to increase men’s engagement with preventive care. This can include campaigns to raise awareness about common health issues, partnerships with employers to offer health screenings, and the development of male-friendly healthcare environments. Encouraging men to prioritize their physical and mental health is vital to improving overall outcomes.
Civic engagement programs can help men reconnect with their communities and find a sense of purpose. Volunteer initiatives, leadership development programs, and opportunities for public service can provide meaningful outlets for men to contribute to society. Additionally, creating spaces for men to discuss their experiences and challenges can foster a sense of solidarity and support.
Cultural campaigns that promote positive masculinity are also necessary. These campaigns should challenge harmful stereotypes while celebrating qualities such as empathy, resilience, and collaboration. Educational initiatives in schools and workplaces can help shift societal perceptions of masculinity and encourage men to embrace healthier identities.
Finally, the creation of a Commission on Boys and Men can ensure that these issues receive the attention they deserve. This commission would be tasked with conducting research, developing policies, and coordinating efforts across federal, state, and local levels to address the unique challenges faced by men and boys.
Vision for Federal Involvement and Policy Change
The federal government has a critical role to play in addressing the challenges faced by men and boys. This begins with the establishment of a national strategy that prioritizes the well-being of this demographic. Such a strategy should be informed by data-driven insights and developed in collaboration with stakeholders from diverse sectors, including education, healthcare, and community organizations.
A key component of this strategy is the creation of a Commission on Boys and Men. This commission would serve as a centralized body responsible for studying the issues affecting men and boys, identifying best practices, and coordinating efforts across agencies. By providing a unified framework, the commission can ensure that resources are allocated effectively and that interventions are both targeted and impactful.
Federal investment in education is essential to addressing disparities and promoting equity. Funding should be directed toward programs that support boys in early childhood education, provide scholarships for male educators, and expand mentorship opportunities. Additionally, partnerships with state and local governments can help scale successful initiatives and ensure that they reach the communities most in need.
Workforce development programs should be a priority for federal policymakers. Initiatives such as apprenticeships, vocational training, and job placement services can help men transition into high-demand industries. Tax incentives for businesses that hire and train male workers can further encourage economic participation. Additionally, federal grants can support research into the changing nature of work and its impact on men.
Criminal justice reform is another critical area for federal involvement. Policies that focus on rehabilitation rather than punishment, particularly for nonviolent offenders, can help reduce recidivism and promote reintegration. Expanding access to education and job training programs within the prison system can provide men with the tools they need to rebuild their lives.
Healthcare policy must also address the unique needs of men. The federal government can support initiatives to increase access to preventive care, fund research on male-specific health issues, and promote mental health awareness campaigns. Telehealth services can be particularly effective in reaching men in rural or underserved areas.
Public awareness campaigns can play a pivotal role in shifting societal attitudes. Federal funding can support initiatives that promote positive masculinity, encourage men to seek help when needed, and highlight the contributions of men to families and communities. These campaigns can also address harmful stereotypes and foster a more inclusive understanding of gender roles.
Finally, the federal government should prioritize collaboration with community organizations, nonprofits, and private sector partners. By leveraging the expertise and resources of these stakeholders, the government can create a comprehensive support network for men and boys. This collaborative approach ensures that interventions are culturally relevant, community-driven, and sustainable.
Through these efforts, the federal government can help create a society where men and boys have the support they need to thrive. By addressing the systemic challenges they face and promoting policies that empower them, we can build a stronger, healthier, and more equitable nation for all.
Historical Context of the Challenges Faced by Men and Boys
Throughout history, the roles and expectations of men and boys have been shaped by societal norms, cultural practices, and economic conditions. Traditionally, men were often viewed as primary breadwinners, protectors, and leaders in both their families and communities. These roles were deeply rooted in a patriarchal framework that emphasized stoicism, physical strength, and dominance. However, as society progressed through industrialization, urbanization, and technological advancement, these traditional roles began to shift dramatically. The decline of manual labor jobs, the rise of service-based economies, and the increasing participation of women in the workforce disrupted long-standing expectations, leaving many men uncertain about their place in a rapidly evolving world.
The late 20th century brought significant social changes, including movements for gender equality and civil rights. While these advancements created more opportunities for women and other marginalized groups, they also challenged the traditional constructs of masculinity. Men who once found pride and purpose in their roles as providers and protectors now faced societal pressures to adapt to a more egalitarian framework. Simultaneously, the economic and social upheavals of the time exposed many men to vulnerabilities, particularly in working-class and minority communities, where economic opportunities diminished, and social support systems faltered.
The education system further reflected these challenges. Historically, boys were expected to excel in academics, often with a focus on math, science, and physical education. However, as educational priorities shifted to more inclusive and equitable approaches, the gender gap in academic achievement began to widen, with boys falling behind in key areas such as reading and writing. This gap has persisted, exacerbating disparities in higher education enrollment and completion rates, particularly among boys from underprivileged backgrounds.
Mental health challenges also have historical roots. For decades, the societal expectation that men should be stoic and self-reliant discouraged them from seeking help for mental health issues. This cultural norm has contributed to a legacy of unaddressed mental health crises, with men experiencing higher rates of suicide, substance abuse, and addiction. The stigma surrounding vulnerability and emotional expression has further isolated men, creating a cyclical pattern of distress and disengagement.
The criminal justice system has also disproportionately affected men, particularly men of color. Historical policies such as the war on drugs and zero-tolerance school discipline measures have contributed to the overrepresentation of boys and men in juvenile detention centers and prisons. This systemic bias has perpetuated cycles of poverty, violence, and marginalization, leaving many men struggling to reintegrate into society after incarceration.
Importance of Addressing These Issues for Societal Well-Being
The challenges faced by men and boys are not isolated issues; they have far-reaching implications for families, communities, and the nation as a whole. When men struggle to find purpose, stability, and well-being, the ripple effects are felt across all facets of society. Families, for example, are profoundly impacted when fathers or male caregivers experience unemployment, mental health issues, or incarceration. Children in these households often face greater instability, poorer educational outcomes, and reduced access to positive male role models.
Communities also bear the burden of unaddressed challenges among men. High rates of male unemployment and underemployment can lead to economic stagnation, increased dependency on social services, and higher rates of crime. Similarly, the lack of male representation in education, healthcare, and social services limits the diversity of perspectives and solutions needed to address complex societal issues.
Addressing the struggles of men and boys is also crucial for fostering gender equity. While much progress has been made in advancing women’s rights, achieving true equality requires an inclusive approach that uplifts all genders. Men and boys who feel empowered and supported are better equipped to contribute to equitable partnerships, families, and workplaces, creating a more balanced and harmonious society.
Furthermore, tackling these issues is essential for national progress. A society that fails to support a significant portion of its population risks undermining its own stability and growth. By investing in the well-being of men and boys, we can unlock their potential as active contributors to the economy, culture, and civic life. This investment not only benefits men themselves but also strengthens the collective resilience and prosperity of the nation.
Purpose and Scope of the White Paper
The purpose of this white paper is to provide a comprehensive examination of the challenges faced by men and boys in America, offering data-driven insights, practical solutions, and actionable recommendations. It aims to shed light on the systemic and cultural barriers that have hindered men\u2019s well-being, while also exploring opportunities for growth, empowerment, and societal advancement.
This document seeks to engage policymakers, educators, healthcare providers, community leaders, and the general public in a collaborative effort to address these pressing issues. By presenting a holistic overview of the challenges, this white paper emphasizes the interconnected nature of mental health, education, employment, family dynamics, and criminal justice as they pertain to men and boys. It underscores the need for targeted interventions that account for the unique experiences and needs of different subgroups, including men of color, LGBTQ+ men, and men from rural or economically disadvantaged communities.
The scope of this white paper extends beyond problem identification to include evidence-based solutions and best practices. Drawing on insights from leading researchers, advocacy groups, and community initiatives, it highlights programs and policies that have demonstrated success in improving outcomes for men and boys. These include mentorship programs, educational reforms, workforce development initiatives, and mental health interventions.
Moreover, this white paper outlines the role of the federal government in creating systemic change. It calls for the establishment of a Commission on Boys and Men, increased funding for male-focused initiatives, and the implementation of policies that promote equity and opportunity. By providing a roadmap for federal involvement, this document aims to catalyze a national movement to support men and boys in overcoming the challenges they face.
In summary, this white paper serves as both a call to action and a blueprint for change. It seeks to inspire a collective commitment to improving the lives of men and boys, recognizing that their well-being is integral to the health and prosperity of the entire nation. Through thoughtful analysis, collaborative efforts, and sustained investment, we can create a future where men and boys have the support, resources, and opportunities they need to thrive.
KEY ISSUES AFFECTING MEN AND BOYS
Rise in “deaths of despair” (suicide, substance abuse)
The epidemic of “deaths of despair” among men is a glaring indicator of the mental health crisis plaguing this demographic. Suicide rates among men are alarmingly high, accounting for nearly 80% of all suicides in the United States, with middle-aged men particularly vulnerable. This phenomenon is driven by a combination of societal pressures, economic instability, and a lack of emotional support. Many men feel trapped in roles that demand stoicism and self-reliance, discouraging them from seeking help. Without access to mental health resources or a supportive network, these individuals often resort to drastic measures to escape their suffering. The issue is compounded by a cultural stigma around vulnerability, which portrays emotional struggles as a sign of weakness, leaving men to cope in isolation.
Substance abuse further exacerbates the mental health crisis among men. Opioid addiction has devastated countless communities, with men comprising the majority of overdose victims. For many, drugs and alcohol serve as a temporary escape from the pressures of life, masking deeper emotional and psychological wounds. Unfortunately, these coping mechanisms often spiral into addiction, creating a cycle that is difficult to break. Rehabilitation services, while available, are often underutilized by men due to societal norms and systemic barriers. Addressing this crisis requires a multifaceted approach, including better mental health outreach, community support systems, and targeted rehabilitation programs.
Economic instability also plays a significant role in the rise of deaths of despair. Men who face long-term unemployment or underemployment often experience feelings of worthlessness and frustration, which can lead to depression and substance abuse. This is especially true for men in declining industries, such as manufacturing, where job losses have been particularly severe. The inability to fulfill traditional provider roles further compounds feelings of inadequacy and despair. Economic policy reforms that create stable, well-paying jobs for men in vulnerable industries could help mitigate these risks and provide a sense of purpose.
Men’s mental health issues are not limited to any one demographic but disproportionately affect certain groups, including veterans and men of color. Veterans, in particular, face unique challenges related to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), physical injuries, and the difficulties of reintegration into civilian life. These factors contribute to higher suicide rates and substance abuse among this population. Men of color, meanwhile, often contend with systemic racism, economic disparities, and limited access to healthcare, all of which exacerbate mental health struggles. Tailored interventions for these at-risk groups are essential to addressing the broader mental health crisis.
Healthcare access remains a significant barrier to improving mental health outcomes for men. Men are less likely than women to seek preventive care or consult healthcare providers for emotional distress. This reluctance often stems from societal expectations of toughness and invulnerability, which discourage men from acknowledging their struggles. Moreover, mental health services are often inadequately funded, leaving many men without affordable or accessible options. Expanding healthcare coverage and creating male-friendly mental health programs could significantly improve outcomes for this population.
Social isolation and a lack of community engagement are deeply intertwined with the rise in deaths of despair. Men who lack strong social networks are more likely to experience loneliness, which is a significant risk factor for depression and suicide. The decline of traditional community spaces, such as churches, fraternal organizations, and local clubs, has left many men without meaningful opportunities for connection. Rebuilding these networks and fostering a sense of belonging is crucial to addressing the mental health crisis among men.
Media and cultural narratives around masculinity also contribute to the crisis of mental health. Popular portrayals often glorify stoicism, dominance, and self-reliance, reinforcing harmful stereotypes that discourage men from seeking help. These narratives can alienate men who struggle to conform to such ideals, further isolating them and exacerbating their mental health challenges. Efforts to promote healthier, more inclusive representations of masculinity are essential to combating these damaging stereotypes.
Lastly, public awareness campaigns and education are vital tools in addressing the crisis of deaths of despair. Campaigns that normalize seeking help, highlight the importance of mental health, and challenge harmful stereotypes can help break down the stigma surrounding men’s emotional struggles. Educational programs that teach emotional intelligence, resilience, and self-care from a young age could also empower boys and men to navigate their mental health challenges more effectively. By addressing these issues proactively, society can create an environment where men feel supported and valued.
Loneliness and lack of community engagement.
Loneliness has emerged as a silent epidemic among men, with far-reaching implications for their mental health and overall well-being. Studies reveal that men are significantly more likely to report feelings of isolation compared to women, particularly as they age. Unlike women, who tend to maintain close-knit social networks, men often struggle to form deep, emotionally supportive friendships. This lack of connection is rooted in societal norms that discourage men from expressing vulnerability or seeking companionship, reinforcing the belief that independence and self-reliance are cornerstones of masculinity.
The impact of loneliness on men’s mental health is profound. Research indicates that prolonged social isolation can lead to depression, anxiety, and even physical health issues such as cardiovascular disease and weakened immune function. Men who lack strong social networks are also at a higher risk of suicide, as they often feel they have no one to turn to during times of crisis. These issues are compounded by the fact that many men are unaware of how to seek help or are unwilling to do so due to stigma and fear of judgment.
The decline of traditional community institutions has exacerbated feelings of loneliness among men. Organizations such as fraternal lodges, veterans’ groups, and community clubs once served as vital spaces for men to connect and build meaningful relationships. However, the diminished presence of these organizations in modern society has left many men without accessible avenues for social interaction. The shift toward virtual communication has further alienated men who struggle to navigate digital spaces or who find these interactions less fulfilling than face-to-face connections.
Young men, in particular, are increasingly disengaged from their communities. Many report feelings of purposelessness and alienation, often exacerbated by the pressures of social media. Online platforms, while offering opportunities for connection, can also foster feelings of inadequacy and exclusion. For young men who fail to meet the curated standards of success often depicted online, the resulting feelings of isolation can deepen their sense of despair. Furthermore, the rise of online gaming communities, while providing temporary escapes, often replaces genuine social interactions with superficial, transactional connections.
Economic instability also contributes to loneliness among men. Men who face job loss or financial struggles often withdraw from their social circles, feeling ashamed or unworthy of connection. This self-imposed isolation can create a cycle of loneliness, where the lack of engagement further diminishes their ability to find support or opportunities to rebuild their lives. Without stable employment or a sense of purpose, many men struggle to maintain existing relationships or develop new ones.
The intersection of loneliness and masculinity creates unique challenges for men of all ages. The societal expectation for men to remain stoic and self-sufficient discourages them from seeking out emotional support, even when they desperately need it. As a result, many men suffer in silence, unwilling or unable to admit their struggles to friends, family, or professionals. Addressing this requires a cultural shift that normalizes vulnerability and encourages men to prioritize their emotional well-being.
Faith-based and community organizations can play a pivotal role in combating loneliness among men. These groups offer safe spaces for connection, support, and personal growth, providing opportunities for men to engage with others who share similar values and experiences. Programs that emphasize mentorship, volunteerism, and group activities can help men rebuild their social networks and develop a stronger sense of belonging. Expanding the reach of these initiatives and tailoring them to the unique needs of men could significantly reduce feelings of isolation.
Public awareness campaigns are also essential to addressing loneliness and promoting community engagement among men. By highlighting the importance of social connections and challenging harmful stereotypes around masculinity, these campaigns can encourage men to seek out meaningful relationships and participate actively in their communities. Schools, workplaces, and healthcare providers must also play a role in fostering environments that prioritize connection and emotional well-being, ensuring that men of all ages have the support they need to thrive.
Boys lagging behind in academic achievement.
Boys have consistently lagged behind girls in academic achievement, a trend that has persisted for decades. National and international assessments reveal that boys perform worse than girls in reading and writing, with the gap widening as students’ progress through grade levels. This disparity begins in early childhood education, where boys are more likely to struggle with literacy and language development. Teachers often report that boys display less interest in reading and are less likely to engage with materials that promote verbal and written skills. This early gap places boys at a disadvantage that continues to grow throughout their academic careers.
In math and science, areas where boys traditionally excelled, the gender gap has narrowed significantly, with girls now outperforming boys in many contexts. While this represents progress for gender equity, the lack of targeted support for boys has contributed to their overall academic underperformance. Boys are also more likely to be diagnosed with learning disabilities, such as ADHD, and are frequently placed in special education programs. These diagnoses, while sometimes necessary, can stigmatize boys and create barriers to their academic success. The higher rates of disciplinary action against boys further exacerbate this issue, as suspensions and expulsions disrupt their education and limit their opportunities to succeed.
Cultural factors also play a significant role in boys’ academic struggles. Many boys face social pressures that discourage them from taking school seriously, as academic success is not always associated with traditional notions of masculinity. Peer dynamics often reward behaviors such as defiance and risk-taking, which can lead boys to disengage from school and underperform. Teachers and administrators must address these cultural dynamics by fostering environments where boys feel encouraged to embrace their intellectual potential without fear of judgment or ridicule.
The effects of academic underachievement are far-reaching, impacting boys’ future opportunities and overall well-being. Boys who struggle in school are less likely to graduate from high school, enroll in college, or pursue advanced degrees. These educational disparities translate directly into economic disadvantages, as men without higher education credentials face limited job prospects and lower earning potential. The cycle of underachievement perpetuates itself, as boys who grow up in disadvantaged households are less likely to have access to the resources and support they need to succeed academically.
The lack of targeted interventions for boys in education systems is a significant concern. Current educational policies often fail to address the unique needs and challenges that boys face, resulting in one-size-fits-all approaches that disproportionately benefit girls. Programs aimed at promoting gender equity in education must include initiatives that focus on supporting boys, particularly in areas where they are most vulnerable, such as literacy and behavioral development. Expanding early childhood education programs that emphasize reading and language skills for boys could help close the achievement gap before it widens.
Parental involvement is another critical factor in addressing boys’ academic disparities. Boys whose parents actively participate in their education are more likely to succeed academically. Fathers, in particular, can serve as powerful role models for boys, demonstrating the importance of education and hard work. Schools must foster strong partnerships with families, providing resources and support to help parents engage with their children’s education. Community-based initiatives that involve fathers and other male role models in mentoring programs can also provide boys with the guidance and encouragement they need to thrive.
The gender gap in academic achievement is particularly pronounced among boys from low-income and minority backgrounds. These boys face systemic barriers, including underfunded schools, limited access to advanced coursework, and higher rates of disciplinary action. Addressing these inequities requires a commitment to resource allocation and policy reforms that prioritize the needs of marginalized communities. Schools serving these populations must receive adequate funding to provide smaller class sizes, highly trained teachers, and enrichment programs that support boys’ learning and development.
Finally, educators and policymakers must recognize the intersectionality of race, socioeconomic status, and gender in addressing boys’ educational disparities. Tailored interventions that consider these intersecting factors can help create more equitable opportunities for boys from diverse backgrounds. By fostering inclusive learning environments, implementing evidence-based practices, and providing targeted support, schools can help boys overcome the challenges they face and unlock their full potential.
Lack of male educators and role models in schools.
One of the most significant yet overlooked challenges in education is the acute shortage of male educators, particularly in early childhood and primary education. Statistics from the National Center for Education Statistics reveal that only about 24% of teachers in the United States are men, with an even smaller percentage teaching at the elementary school level. This lack of male representation deprives boys of role models they can identify with during their formative years, potentially affecting their engagement, motivation, and academic performance.
Male teachers play a vital role in breaking down stereotypes about masculinity and education. Boys often view school as a feminine space due to the predominance of female educators, which can discourage them from fully engaging with their studies. A balanced presence of male and female teachers helps normalize academic achievement for boys, showing them that learning and intellectual curiosity are not bound by gender. Male educators also bring unique perspectives and teaching styles that can resonate with boys who struggle to connect with traditional classroom methods.
The absence of male role models in schools is particularly detrimental for boys from single-parent households, many of whom lack consistent male figures in their lives. For these boys, male teachers can serve as mentors who provide guidance, encouragement, and a positive example of what it means to be an educated and supportive man. This influence extends beyond academics, helping boys navigate social, emotional, and behavioral challenges. Schools that actively recruit and support male educators create environments where boys feel seen, understood, and inspired.
Efforts to increase the number of male teachers face numerous barriers. Teaching, especially at the primary level, is often viewed as a low-paying and undervalued profession, which discourages men from pursuing careers in education. Additionally, societal stereotypes about gender roles can deter men from entering fields traditionally associated with caregiving and nurturing. Addressing these challenges requires a cultural shift that values teaching as a critical and respected profession, alongside targeted recruitment strategies that highlight the importance of male representation in schools.
Mentorship programs can help fill the gap created by the lack of male teachers. Community-based initiatives that pair boys with positive male role models provide invaluable support and guidance. These programs offer boys opportunities to build relationships with men who exemplify integrity, perseverance, and kindness, helping them develop a sense of purpose and direction. Expanding mentorship programs, particularly in underserved communities, is a cost-effective way to address the broader issue of male representation in education.
Colleges and universities must also play a role in addressing the shortage of male educators. Scholarships, incentives, and outreach programs aimed at encouraging men to pursue teaching degrees can help diversify the profession. Teacher preparation programs should include coursework and experiences that emphasize the importance of gender diversity in education, equipping future educators to support boys effectively.
Policymakers and school administrators must prioritize initiatives that promote gender diversity among educators. Recruitment campaigns that emphasize the impact male teachers can have on students’ lives can help attract more men to the profession. Providing competitive salaries, professional development opportunities, and supportive work environments can further incentivize men to enter and remain in the field. Schools that succeed in fostering gender-diverse teaching staff often report higher levels of engagement and achievement among students, particularly boys.
Finally, the broader community has a role to play in addressing the lack of male role models in education. Businesses, civic organizations, and faith-based groups can partner with schools to provide mentorship, volunteer opportunities, and funding for programs that support boys’ learning and development. By working together, communities can create ecosystems of support that ensure every boy has access to positive male influences, both inside and outside the classroom.
Employment and Economic Challenges
Decline in male workforce participation
The decline in workforce participation among men has become a significant socioeconomic issue, with far-reaching consequences for individuals, families, and communities. Over the past several decades, labor force participation rates for prime-age men (ages 25–54) have steadily decreased, falling from nearly 97% in the 1950s to approximately 88% today. This trend is especially pronounced among men without college degrees, who face increasing challenges in finding stable, well-paying employment. The erosion of traditional industries, such as manufacturing and mining, has left many men without viable career paths, contributing to widespread economic dislocation and despair.
One contributing factor to the decline in male workforce participation is the automation and globalization of industries that historically employed large numbers of men. Advances in technology have reduced the demand for manual labor, while international competition has led to factory closures and job losses in once-thriving industrial hubs. Men who relied on these jobs for financial stability and a sense of identity now face limited options, often struggling to transition into service-oriented or knowledge-based roles that require new skills and qualifications.
Educational disparities further exacerbate the problem. Men who lack higher education credentials are more likely to be unemployed or underemployed, with fewer opportunities to access jobs in growing sectors like technology, healthcare, and renewable energy. The decline in college enrollment among men has widened the skills gap, leaving many ill-equipped to compete in an evolving job market. Policies that promote vocational training, apprenticeships, and adult education programs could help bridge this gap and provide men with the tools they need to succeed in emerging industries.
Health issues also play a significant role in men’s workforce participation. Chronic illnesses, physical injuries, and mental health challenges disproportionately affect men, reducing their ability to work consistently or at full capacity. The opioid crisis, in particular, has devastated communities, sidelining countless men who might otherwise contribute to the economy. Addressing these health challenges requires a comprehensive approach that includes expanded access to healthcare, rehabilitation services, and workplace accommodations.
The stigma surrounding certain types of work also limits opportunities for men. Jobs in caregiving, education, and other traditionally female-dominated fields are often overlooked by men due to societal expectations around masculinity. This reluctance to explore nontraditional career paths further narrows employment options and perpetuates gendered labor market disparities. Promoting cultural shifts that normalize men working in these fields could open up new opportunities and help address workforce shortages in critical sectors.
Economic instability disproportionately impacts men from marginalized communities, including men of color and those in rural areas. Systemic barriers, such as discrimination, lack of access to transportation, and limited availability of jobs, exacerbate existing inequalities and leave many men without viable employment options. Targeted investments in infrastructure, public transportation, and job creation programs in underserved regions could help address these disparities and promote greater economic inclusion.
The psychological impact of long-term unemployment or underemployment is profound. Men who are unable to secure stable jobs often experience feelings of shame, frustration, and hopelessness, which can lead to mental health struggles, substance abuse, and family breakdowns. These challenges not only affect individual men but also ripple through families and communities, creating cycles of poverty and instability. Comprehensive support systems that address both economic and emotional needs are essential to breaking this cycle.
Lastly, the role of policy and government intervention in addressing the decline in male workforce participation cannot be overstated. Policies that incentivize companies to hire and train male workers, particularly in high-demand industries, can help reverse this trend. Expanding access to affordable childcare and flexible work arrangements can also enable more men to balance work and family responsibilities. By taking a proactive approach to workforce development, policymakers can help men reenter the workforce and regain a sense of purpose and stability.
Economic shifts affecting traditionally male-dominated industries
The shifting economic landscape has significantly impacted traditionally male-dominated industries, reshaping job opportunities and creating new challenges for men. Manufacturing, construction, and mining, once the backbone of male employment, have experienced dramatic declines due to automation, globalization, and environmental regulations. These changes have left millions of men without stable jobs, forcing them to adapt to a rapidly evolving economy. The loss of these industries has been particularly devastating for men in regions heavily reliant on these sectors, such as the Rust Belt and Appalachia.
Automation has replaced many of the manual labor jobs that once provided reliable employment for men without advanced education. Machines and robotics have taken over tasks ranging from assembly line work to mining operations, significantly reducing the demand for human labor. While automation has increased efficiency and lowered costs, it has also displaced workers who lack the technical skills needed to operate or maintain these advanced systems. Retraining programs that focus on equipping men with skills in technology and engineering are critical to helping them transition into roles created by automation.
Globalization has further reduced opportunities in male-dominated industries. The outsourcing of manufacturing jobs to countries with lower labor costs has led to widespread factory closures in the United States. For many men, these jobs were not just a source of income but also a cornerstone of their identity and community. The absence of these roles has left a void that is difficult to fill, contributing to economic stagnation and social disconnection in affected areas.
The construction industry, while still a significant source of employment for men, has also faced challenges. Economic downturns, rising material costs, and regulatory changes have led to periods of instability in the sector. Additionally, the increasing focus on green building and renewable energy has shifted demand toward specialized skills that many traditional construction workers lack. Investing in training programs that prepare men for roles in sustainable construction and renewable energy projects can help mitigate these challenges and provide new opportunities.
Environmental regulations, while necessary for protecting natural resources and public health, have also impacted industries such as mining and logging. Men who relied on these jobs now face limited options, as companies either reduce operations or shut down entirely. Policymakers must strike a balance between environmental sustainability and economic viability, ensuring that workers affected by these changes have access to alternative employment opportunities.
The gig economy has emerged as a new source of employment for men, offering flexibility and autonomy. However, gig work often comes with limited job security, low wages, and a lack of benefits. Many men find themselves piecing together multiple gigs to make ends meet, which can lead to financial instability and burnout. Ensuring that gig workers have access to protections such as healthcare, unemployment benefits, and retirement savings plans is essential to making this sector a viable long-term option.
Emerging industries, such as technology and healthcare, present new opportunities for men willing to adapt and acquire the necessary skills. However, these sectors often require advanced education or technical training, which can be a barrier for men who lack access to these resources. Expanding community college programs, vocational training, and apprenticeships can help bridge this gap and provide pathways to stable, well-paying jobs.
Ultimately, addressing the economic challenges faced by men requires a multifaceted approach that combines education, policy reform, and cultural change. By investing in workforce development and creating opportunities in emerging industries, society can help men navigate the shifting economic landscape and regain a sense of purpose and stability.
Family and Relationship Dynamics
Changing roles in families and impact on identity
The evolving structure of families in America has brought significant changes to traditional gender roles, challenging long-held expectations of men as sole breadwinners and primary providers. As women have increasingly entered the workforce and gained greater independence, the dynamics within families have shifted toward more egalitarian models. While these changes have been largely positive in advancing gender equality, they have also left many men struggling to redefine their roles within families. This struggle has created identity crises for some men, as societal expectations no longer align with their lived experiences or personal aspirations.
For many men, the shift away from traditional roles has resulted in a sense of purposelessness and diminished self-worth. Historically, men derived a significant portion of their identity and pride from their ability to provide for their families. However, the rise of dual-income households and the economic challenges facing many men have made it more difficult to fulfill this role. As a result, some men experience feelings of inadequacy or frustration, which can strain relationships and contribute to mental health challenges.
Single-parent households, often led by women, have further complicated the dynamics of family roles. In these households, many boys grow up without consistent male role models, leaving them without a clear sense of what it means to be a man in today’s society. The absence of fathers or father figures can lead to emotional and behavioral challenges for boys, who may struggle with self-esteem, discipline, and academic performance. Programs that promote responsible fatherhood and encourage active participation in family life are essential to addressing this issue.
Men’s roles within the family have also been impacted by the growing emphasis on emotional involvement and caregiving. Traditionally, caregiving responsibilities were viewed as the domain of women, but modern families increasingly expect men to play active roles in raising children and managing household responsibilities. While this shift has fostered stronger relationships between fathers and their children, it has also required men to develop skills and behaviors that were not historically emphasized, such as emotional communication and nurturing.
The changing expectations of masculinity within families are further complicated by societal pressures and cultural norms. Many men face conflicting messages about what it means to be a successful partner and parent. On one hand, they are encouraged to embrace vulnerability, empathy, and active involvement in family life. On the other hand, traditional ideals of masculinity often emphasize dominance, independence, and emotional restraint. Navigating these competing expectations can be challenging, particularly for men who lack role models or support systems to guide them.
Economic instability has also placed significant stress on family dynamics, particularly for men who struggle to find stable employment. Financial difficulties can strain relationships, leading to increased conflict and, in some cases, family breakdowns. Men who are unable to fulfill their perceived roles as providers may feel a sense of failure, which can negatively impact their mental health and their relationships with partners and children. Addressing these challenges requires a holistic approach that includes economic support, counseling services, and community-based interventions.
Cultural differences further influence the changing roles of men in families. In some communities, traditional gender roles remain deeply ingrained, creating resistance to more egalitarian family structures. Men in these communities may face additional pressure to conform to traditional expectations, even as economic and social realities make it increasingly difficult to do so. Programs that promote open dialogue about gender roles and provide support for men navigating these transitions can help ease this tension and foster healthier family dynamics.
Finally, the media and popular culture play a significant role in shaping perceptions of men’s roles within families. Positive portrayals of active, involved fathers and supportive partners can help challenge stereotypes and encourage men to embrace their evolving responsibilities. Conversely, negative stereotypes that depict men as disengaged or incompetent caregivers can perpetuate harmful myths and discourage men from fully participating in family life. Promoting diverse and empowering representations of fatherhood and masculinity in media is essential to supporting men in their familial roles.
Challenges in fatherhood and lack of support structures
Fatherhood presents unique challenges for men, many of which are exacerbated by a lack of institutional and community support. Fathers often struggle to balance the demands of work, family, and personal well-being, particularly in a society that provides limited resources for parenting. While mothers are more likely to access parenting programs and support networks, fathers frequently face barriers to participation, including societal stigma, scheduling conflicts, and a lack of male-specific resources.
One significant challenge is the legal and societal bias that often favors mothers in custody arrangements and family law. Many fathers feel marginalized in the legal system, with limited opportunities to maintain meaningful relationships with their children after divorce or separation. This dynamic can lead to feelings of alienation and frustration, which negatively impact both the father and the child. Policies that promote shared parenting and provide equitable custody arrangements are crucial to ensuring that fathers remain actively involved in their children’s lives.
Economic pressures also create obstacles for fathers. Men who work long hours or hold multiple jobs to support their families often struggle to find time for meaningful interactions with their children. Conversely, unemployed or underemployed fathers may feel ashamed or inadequate, leading them to withdraw from family life. Providing economic support, such as paid parental leave and access to affordable childcare, can help fathers balance their responsibilities and foster stronger family bonds.
Social expectations around fatherhood have evolved, with many men now expected to take on active caregiving roles. While this shift is positive, it also requires fathers to navigate new responsibilities that may feel unfamiliar or challenging. Men who did not have active fathers themselves may lack the knowledge or confidence to fulfill these roles effectively. Parenting programs and mentorship opportunities that specifically target fathers can provide valuable guidance and support.
The stigma surrounding men seeking help for parenting challenges further complicates the issue. Many fathers feel uncomfortable discussing their struggles or accessing resources, as societal norms discourage men from appearing vulnerable or admitting they need assistance. Creating safe, welcoming spaces for fathers to share their experiences and seek advice is essential to breaking down these barriers and promoting positive fatherhood.
Fathers in marginalized communities face additional challenges, including systemic racism, economic disparities, and limited access to resources. Black and Latino fathers, for example, often encounter stereotypes that portray them as absent or uninvolved, even when they are actively engaged in their children’s lives. These harmful narratives can discourage fathers from seeking support or participating in community programs. Addressing these issues requires culturally responsive initiatives that celebrate and uplift the contributions of fathers from all backgrounds.
Nontraditional families, such as those led by single fathers or same-sex couples, face unique obstacles that are often overlooked in mainstream discussions of fatherhood. Single fathers frequently lack the support networks available to single mothers, leaving them to navigate parenting challenges on their own. Same-sex male couples may encounter discrimination or a lack of understanding from schools, healthcare providers, and other institutions. Policies that recognize and support diverse family structures are essential to ensuring that all fathers have the resources they need to succeed.
Community involvement plays a critical role in supporting fathers. Local organizations, faith-based groups, and nonprofit initiatives can provide mentorship, education, and social opportunities for fathers to connect with one another and share their experiences. These programs not only benefit fathers but also strengthen families and communities by fostering positive relationships and reducing isolation.
Finally, promoting a cultural shift that values and supports fatherhood is essential. Public awareness campaigns, media representations, and workplace policies that celebrate active and engaged fathers can help redefine societal expectations and encourage men to embrace their roles. By investing in fathers and providing the tools they need to thrive, society can ensure that all children grow up with the love, support, and guidance of positive male role models.
Erosion of traditional male roles
Over the past century, traditional male roles have undergone significant changes, leaving many men struggling to find a clear sense of purpose and identity in modern society. Historically, men were predominantly seen as providers, protectors, and leaders within their families and communities. These roles were deeply tied to societal expectations, where economic contribution and physical strength were paramount. However, the shift toward a service-based economy, greater gender equality, and evolving cultural norms has challenged these traditional constructs, creating a vacuum for many men who no longer see their place clearly defined.
The decline of blue-collar industries, such as manufacturing and mining, has significantly contributed to the erosion of traditional male roles. These sectors once offered stable, well-paying jobs that allowed men to fulfill their roles as providers. As these industries have diminished due to automation and globalization, many men have been left without viable alternatives, leading to unemployment, underemployment, and economic insecurity. This disruption not only affects financial stability but also undermines the sense of pride and purpose that men historically derived from their work.
The changing dynamics within families have further complicated traditional male roles. With women now contributing equally or even more to household incomes, the expectation for men to be sole providers has diminished. While this shift has fostered greater equality, it has also created uncertainty for men who struggle to adapt to new expectations, such as taking on caregiving responsibilities or sharing domestic duties. Men who cannot reconcile these evolving roles with traditional expectations often experience identity crises, leading to feelings of inadequacy or frustration.
Cultural shifts have also challenged traditional notions of masculinity. The emphasis on emotional intelligence, collaboration, and inclusivity in modern society often conflicts with historical ideals of stoicism, independence, and dominance. Many men find themselves navigating conflicting messages about what it means to be masculine in today’s world, which can lead to confusion and a loss of self-esteem. This is particularly true for young men, who may lack role models or guidance on how to integrate these evolving norms into their lives.
Media and popular culture play a significant role in shaping perceptions of masculinity, often perpetuating unrealistic or harmful stereotypes. From action heroes who embody physical strength and emotional detachment to negative portrayals of men as incompetent or disengaged, these representations fail to capture the complexities of modern manhood. Such portrayals can alienate men who do not fit these molds, contributing to a sense of disconnection and a diminished sense of purpose.
The erosion of community structures has also left many men without a clear societal role. Traditional organizations, such as fraternal lodges, churches, and civic groups, once provided spaces where men could connect, mentor one another, and contribute meaningfully to their communities. As participation in these groups has declined, many men find themselves isolated and disconnected from the broader social fabric. Rebuilding these community networks is essential to restoring a sense of purpose and belonging for men.
Generational shifts have further complicated the landscape for men. Older men who grew up with more rigid expectations of masculinity often struggle to adapt to changing norms, while younger men face unique pressures related to social media, economic uncertainty, and the evolving job market. Bridging this generational divide requires open dialogue and mentorship opportunities that allow men of all ages to share experiences and learn from one another.
Finally, the erosion of traditional male roles has had significant implications for mental health. Men who feel purposeless or unable to meet societal expectations are more likely to experience depression, anxiety, and substance abuse. Addressing this crisis requires a holistic approach that includes mental health support, community engagement, and efforts to redefine masculinity in ways that are inclusive and empowering.
Struggles with finding meaning and purpose in modern society
In today’s fast-paced and increasingly complex world, many men struggle to find meaning and purpose, contributing to feelings of disconnection, frustration, and despair. The traditional markers of success, such as stable employment, financial security, and family leadership, are no longer as attainable or clearly defined as they once were. This shift has left many men searching for alternative sources of fulfillment, often with little guidance or support.
One significant challenge is the disconnect between societal expectations and personal realities. While men are still often expected to achieve financial success and provide for their families, the economic landscape has made these goals increasingly difficult to attain. The rise of precarious employment, stagnant wages, and economic inequality has left many men unable to meet these traditional benchmarks, leading to feelings of inadequacy and failure. This struggle is particularly pronounced for men without college degrees, who face limited opportunities in an increasingly knowledge-driven economy.
The search for purpose is further complicated by the emphasis on individualism in modern society. Men are often encouraged to prioritize personal achievement and independence, which can lead to isolation and a lack of meaningful connections. The decline of community involvement and the erosion of social networks have left many men without a sense of belonging or a clear role within their communities. Efforts to promote collective engagement and rebuild social structures are essential to addressing this void.
Young men, in particular, face unique challenges in finding meaning and purpose. The pressures of social media, where success is often portrayed in superficial or materialistic terms, can create unrealistic expectations and feelings of inadequacy. Many young men struggle to navigate these pressures while also dealing with uncertainty about their futures, particularly in a world where traditional career paths and life milestones are no longer guaranteed.
The decline of mentorship and intergenerational relationships has also contributed to the struggle for purpose. In the past, men often learned about their roles and responsibilities from older generations, who provided guidance, support, and a sense of continuity. Today, the lack of these connections leaves many men without role models or a clear roadmap for navigating life’s challenges. Rebuilding mentorship networks and fostering intergenerational dialogue can help men find direction and meaning.
For men who do achieve traditional markers of success, the sense of purpose can still remain elusive. High-achieving men often report feelings of emptiness or dissatisfaction, as societal definitions of success fail to address deeper emotional and psychological needs. This highlights the importance of redefining purpose in ways that go beyond material achievements, emphasizing personal growth, relationships, and community involvement.
The role of spirituality and philosophy in addressing the search for meaning cannot be overlooked. For many men, exploring existential questions and engaging with spiritual or philosophical practices can provide a sense of purpose and direction. Encouraging men to engage with these pursuits and providing spaces for reflection and discussion can help them find deeper fulfillment.
Public awareness campaigns and educational initiatives can play a crucial role in helping men navigate the search for meaning. Programs that teach emotional intelligence, resilience, and self-discovery can empower men to define their own paths and build fulfilling lives. By fostering environments that support exploration and growth, society can help men overcome the challenges of purposelessness and thrive in the modern world.
Finally, addressing the struggle for meaning and purpose requires a collective effort to challenge and expand societal definitions of success and masculinity. By creating a culture that values diversity, inclusion, and emotional well-being, society can provide men with the tools and support they need to find fulfillment and contribute meaningfully to their families, communities, and the world.
ANALYSIS OF CURRENT POLICIES AND GAPS
Review of existing federal, state, and community initiatives.
Over the years, various federal, state, and community initiatives have been introduced to address the needs of men and boys, though these efforts often remain fragmented and underfunded. At the federal level, programs such as the Responsible Fatherhood Initiative have sought to encourage active fatherhood by providing resources and education for fathers, particularly those in underserved communities. These programs aim to improve family outcomes by equipping fathers with the tools they need to engage meaningfully with their children. While such initiatives represent a step in the right direction, their reach is limited, and their effectiveness is often hampered by insufficient funding and lack of public awareness.
State-level programs vary widely in scope and quality, with some states investing in mentorship programs and workforce development initiatives tailored to men and boys. For example, some states have implemented initiatives aimed at reducing recidivism among young men by providing education and vocational training to those involved in the juvenile justice system. However, these programs often operate in isolation, with little coordination or sharing of best practices between states. The uneven availability of these resources highlights the need for a more cohesive national strategy to address the challenges faced by men and boys.
Community-based organizations have played a pivotal role in supporting men and boys, particularly in areas where government programs fall short. Nonprofits such as Big Brothers Big Sisters and local mentoring initiatives have helped young boys develop positive relationships with male role models. Faith-based organizations, too, have provided crucial support, offering mentorship, counseling, and community engagement opportunities. Despite their significant impact, these organizations often operate on limited budgets and face challenges in scaling their efforts to meet the growing demand.
Education-focused initiatives have emerged as a critical area of intervention. Programs like My Brother’s Keeper, launched under the Obama administration, aim to close opportunity gaps for boys and young men of color by providing mentorship, educational resources, and career pathways. While the initiative has shown promise, its scope remains limited, and it has not been expanded to address the broader challenges facing men and boys nationwide. Additionally, school-based programs that promote mental health and positive behavioral development have begun to address the unique needs of boys, but these efforts are often underfunded and inconsistently implemented.
Workforce development programs targeting men, particularly those in declining industries, have gained traction at both the federal and state levels. Apprenticeship programs and vocational training initiatives have helped some men transition into emerging fields such as technology and healthcare. However, these programs often struggle to reach the men who need them most, particularly those in rural or economically disadvantaged areas. Expanding access to these resources is critical to addressing the economic challenges faced by men.
Mental health initiatives, though increasing in visibility, still fail to adequately address the unique needs of men. Federally funded programs such as the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) have begun to incorporate gender-specific approaches, but these efforts remain the exception rather than the rule. Many mental health programs lack the cultural competency to engage men effectively, perpetuating the stigma that prevents men from seeking help. Community-based initiatives, such as men’s support groups and peer counseling programs, have shown promise in filling this gap, but they often operate without sufficient funding or institutional support.
Criminal justice reform efforts have made some progress in addressing systemic issues that disproportionately affect men, particularly men of color. Programs aimed at reducing incarceration rates and providing second chances for offenders have gained momentum, with initiatives like drug courts and diversion programs offering alternatives to prison. However, these reforms are often piecemeal and fail to address the root causes of criminal behavior, such as poverty, lack of education, and untreated mental health issues. Comprehensive reform is needed to create lasting change.
Despite these efforts, significant gaps remain in addressing the challenges faced by men and boys. Existing programs often focus narrowly on specific issues, failing to recognize the interconnected nature of the challenges men face. A more holistic approach is needed, one that integrates mental health, education, economic empowerment, and family support into a cohesive strategy. Additionally, the lack of consistent data collection and evaluation of program outcomes limits the ability to assess their effectiveness and identify areas for improvement.
The absence of a dedicated federal agency or commission to address the needs of men and boys further hinders progress. While issues such as women’s rights and child welfare have benefited from focused advocacy and institutional support, the challenges faced by men and boys often go unaddressed in broader policy discussions. Establishing a Commission on Boys and Men could provide the leadership and coordination needed to elevate these issues to the national stage.
Public-private partnerships represent a promising avenue for expanding the reach and impact of existing initiatives. By leveraging resources from the private sector and collaborating with community organizations, governments can create scalable solutions that address the diverse needs of men and boys. Such partnerships could also help bridge funding gaps and ensure that successful programs are replicated in other regions.
Finally, raising public awareness about the unique challenges faced by men and boys is essential to building support for policy change. Advocacy campaigns that highlight the importance of addressing these issues can help shift public perception and create a sense of urgency among policymakers. By fostering a culture of empathy and understanding, society can begin to dismantle the systemic barriers that hold men and boys back.
Identification of Gaps in Addressing the Needs of Men and Boys
Despite existing federal, state, and community initiatives aimed at supporting men and boys, significant gaps remain in addressing their unique challenges. These gaps span mental health, education, employment, family support, and societal engagement, creating a fragmented and often inadequate support system. The absence of a unified strategy to address these issues has left many men and boys underserved and struggling to navigate a world where their needs are increasingly marginalized.
One of the most glaring gaps is the lack of targeted mental health resources for men and boys. While mental health awareness has grown in recent years, most programs fail to account for the specific barriers men face when seeking help. Stigma around vulnerability and emotional expression discourages men from accessing mental health services, and many existing programs are not designed with men’s unique psychological and emotional needs in mind. Few resources focus on addressing the root causes of men’s mental health struggles, such as economic instability, social isolation, and cultural expectations around masculinity.
In the education system, the absence of tailored support for boys is a significant gap. Boys are more likely than girls to face disciplinary actions, such as suspensions and expulsions, which disrupt their education and contribute to lower academic achievement. Schools often lack the resources to provide interventions that address boys’ specific behavioral and learning needs. Additionally, programs aimed at closing educational gaps often focus disproportionately on girls, leaving boys, particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds, without adequate support to succeed.
The shortage of male role models in schools and communities further exacerbates these educational challenges. With so few male teachers and mentors, boys lack positive examples of academic and professional success to emulate. This void is particularly pronounced for boys from single-parent households, where male figures are often absent. Mentorship programs that connect boys with positive male role models are underfunded and inconsistently implemented, leaving many boys without the guidance they need to thrive.
Economic disparities also highlight significant gaps in addressing the needs of men. Men who lose jobs in declining industries, such as manufacturing and mining, often face limited opportunities to retrain or transition into new fields. While workforce development programs exist, they are often underfunded, geographically inaccessible, or not tailored to the needs of men with families to support. The growing emphasis on college degrees as a prerequisite for employment has further marginalized men who prefer hands-on or vocational work, leaving them with fewer paths to stable and fulfilling careers.
Family dynamics represent another area where support for men is lacking. Programs that promote responsible fatherhood and active parenting are often small in scale and limited in scope. Fathers who are separated from their children due to custody arrangements frequently encounter legal and social barriers to maintaining meaningful relationships. Additionally, single fathers receive far less attention and support than single mothers, despite facing many of the same challenges. The absence of comprehensive family support systems leaves many men struggling to balance work, parenting, and personal well-being.
Systemic barriers within the criminal justice system disproportionately affect men, particularly men of color. Policies that prioritize punitive measures over rehabilitation contribute to high incarceration rates, which disrupt families and limit men’s opportunities for reintegration into society. Programs that address the root causes of criminal behavior, such as poverty, lack of education, and untreated mental health issues, are often underfunded or nonexistent. This creates a cycle of recidivism that is difficult to break without systemic reform.
The lack of accessible healthcare tailored to men’s needs is another critical gap. Men are less likely than women to seek preventive care or address health concerns early, leading to worse health outcomes overall. Healthcare systems often fail to engage men effectively, and many men lack affordable access to services that address their physical and mental health needs. Efforts to provide gender-specific healthcare programs remain sporadic and insufficient, leaving many men without the support they require.
Social isolation and loneliness among men are also inadequately addressed by existing programs. As traditional community structures, such as fraternal organizations and faith-based groups, have declined, many men have found themselves without meaningful social networks. Few initiatives focus on fostering connections among men or creating spaces where they can engage in supportive and collaborative relationships. This lack of community engagement contributes to feelings of purposelessness and disconnection that many men experience.
Young men, in particular, face unique gaps in support as they transition from adolescence to adulthood. Programs that provide guidance, mentorship, and career preparation for young men are limited in availability and reach. Without these resources, many young men struggle to navigate the challenges of higher education, employment, and relationships. The absence of targeted interventions during this critical life stage leaves many at risk of falling behind academically, economically, and socially.
Cultural narratives around masculinity further complicate efforts to address these gaps. Societal expectations often discourage men from seeking help or participating in programs that could benefit them. Many initiatives fail to challenge these harmful stereotypes or create environments where men feel comfortable expressing their needs. Addressing cultural attitudes around masculinity is essential to breaking down these barriers and encouraging men to engage with available resources.
Policymakers have yet to prioritize a comprehensive strategy for addressing the needs of men and boys. While issues such as gender equality and women’s empowerment have received significant attention and funding, the challenges facing men are often overlooked in public policy discussions. This imbalance perpetuates the notion that men’s struggles are less important or less deserving of support, limiting the resources available to address these issues.
Data collection and research on the specific needs of men and boys are also insufficient. Without robust data, it is difficult to identify trends, measure the effectiveness of programs, or develop evidence-based policies. A lack of investment in research leaves many questions unanswered, hindering progress in understanding and addressing the unique challenges faced by men and boys.
Public awareness campaigns aimed at addressing the challenges faced by men and boys are virtually nonexistent. Efforts to promote gender equity often focus exclusively on women’s issues, leaving men’s struggles invisible to the general public. Raising awareness about these challenges is critical to building support for policy changes and fostering a culture that values the well-being of men and boys.
Lastly, the absence of a centralized body to coordinate efforts for men and boys represents a significant structural gap. A federal Commission on Boys and Men could provide the leadership, funding, and strategic direction needed to address these challenges comprehensively. By creating a dedicated institution to advocate for and support men and boys, policymakers could ensure that these issues receive the attention and resources they deserve.
Impact of Systemic Issues Like Incarceration and the School-to-Prison Pipeline
The impact of systemic issues such as incarceration and the school-to-prison pipeline on men and boys, particularly those from marginalized communities, cannot be overstated. These interconnected problems perpetuate cycles of poverty, marginalization, and social exclusion, disproportionately affecting boys and men of color. Addressing these issues requires a comprehensive approach that targets the root causes, reforms punitive policies, and provides alternatives that prioritize rehabilitation and opportunity.
Incarceration rates in the United States are among the highest in the world, with men comprising the vast majority of the incarcerated population. According to data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, over 90% of individuals in prison are male, and Black and Latino men are incarcerated at significantly higher rates than their white counterparts. This overrepresentation reflects systemic inequities, including racial bias in policing, sentencing, and access to legal resources. The criminal justice system often treats boys and men of color more harshly, perpetuating disparities that begin early in life.
The school-to-prison pipeline is a critical factor contributing to the high incarceration rates among boys and young men. This phenomenon refers to the practices and policies that disproportionately push students, particularly boys of color, out of schools and into the juvenile and criminal justice systems. Zero-tolerance disciplinary policies, which mandate harsh punishments for minor infractions, disproportionately affect boys, who are more likely to be suspended or expelled than their female peers. These disciplinary actions disrupt education and increase the likelihood of future involvement with the criminal justice system.
Students who are suspended or expelled often face significant academic setbacks, leading to lower graduation rates and limited opportunities for higher education or stable employment. Boys who are removed from school are more likely to fall behind academically, disengage from education, and ultimately drop out. This lack of educational attainment limits their prospects and increases their vulnerability to unemployment, poverty, and criminal activity. Breaking this cycle requires reevaluating disciplinary practices and implementing restorative justice approaches that address behavioral issues without derailing students’ education.
The criminalization of boys, particularly those from low-income and minority communities, begins early. Boys of color are more likely to be arrested for behaviors that might warrant a warning or intervention for their white peers. This trend reflects systemic bias in law enforcement and education systems, which often perceive boys of color as older, more threatening, and less deserving of leniency. Such perceptions contribute to higher rates of juvenile detention and criminal charges, setting the stage for long-term involvement with the justice system.
Juvenile detention facilities often fail to provide the rehabilitative services needed to address the root causes of delinquent behavior. Instead, these environments frequently expose boys to violence, trauma, and negative influences, exacerbating the challenges they face upon release. Programs that prioritize education, counseling, and skill-building within juvenile justice settings are essential to providing boys with the tools they need to succeed and reintegrate into society.
The economic consequences of incarceration are profound. Men with criminal records face significant barriers to employment, housing, and financial stability, making it difficult to break free from cycles of poverty and recidivism. Employers often discriminate against individuals with criminal records, while housing policies and credit systems further marginalize formerly incarcerated men. These systemic obstacles leave many men unable to rebuild their lives, perpetuating cycles of disadvantage that affect not only individuals but also their families and communities.
Incarceration also has a devastating impact on families. Men who are incarcerated are often separated from their children, leading to emotional and financial strain on their families. Boys who grow up without fathers or male role models are more likely to experience behavioral issues, academic struggles, and involvement with the justice system themselves. Addressing this generational cycle requires policies that support family reunification and provide resources for incarcerated men to maintain meaningful connections with their children.
The cost of incarceration extends beyond the individuals directly affected. The economic burden of maintaining the prison system is staggering, with billions of taxpayer dollars spent annually on incarceration. These funds could be redirected toward programs that address the root causes of criminal behavior, such as poverty, lack of education, and mental health issues. Investing in prevention and rehabilitation rather than punishment would yield far greater social and economic returns.
Community-based programs offer effective alternatives to incarceration and punitive disciplinary practices. Diversion programs, which redirect individuals away from the justice system and toward supportive services, have shown promising results in reducing recidivism and improving outcomes for boys and men. Mentorship programs, job training initiatives, and mental health services can provide the support needed to help individuals rebuild their lives and avoid future involvement with the justice system.
Reforming the justice system to focus on rehabilitation rather than punishment is essential to addressing the systemic issues affecting men and boys. Policies that promote sentencing alternatives, such as community service, drug treatment programs, and restorative justice initiatives, can reduce incarceration rates while addressing the underlying causes of criminal behavior. Expanding access to education and vocational training within prisons can also provide incarcerated men with the skills they need to succeed upon release.
Racial and economic inequities within the justice system must be addressed to create meaningful change. This includes implementing anti-bias training for law enforcement, judges, and educators, as well as revising sentencing guidelines that disproportionately impact marginalized communities. Ensuring equal access to legal representation and support services is also critical to leveling the playing field and reducing disparities in justice outcomes.
Public awareness campaigns and advocacy are essential to challenging the systemic biases that perpetuate the school-to-prison pipeline and high incarceration rates. Highlighting the human cost of these issues can build public support for reform and shift societal attitudes toward a more compassionate and equitable approach to justice. Engaging communities in these efforts can also foster a sense of collective responsibility and commitment to change.
Policy changes at the federal and state levels are necessary to dismantle the school-to-prison pipeline and reduce incarceration rates. This includes revising zero-tolerance policies, increasing funding for restorative justice programs, and expanding access to mental health and counseling services in schools. Federal support for local initiatives that address the root causes of criminal behavior can also help create a more just and equitable society.
Finally, creating a comprehensive national strategy to address systemic issues like incarceration and the school-to-prison pipeline is essential. This strategy should include input from educators, community leaders, policymakers, and those directly impacted by these systems. By taking a holistic approach that prioritizes prevention, rehabilitation, and equity, society can break the cycles of disadvantage and create opportunities for men and boys to thrive.
Expanding mental health resources tailored for men and boys
The stigma surrounding mental health remains a significant barrier for men and boys seeking help, making it imperative to develop and expand mental health resources specifically tailored to their needs. Traditional mental health services often fail to consider the unique challenges men face, such as societal expectations of stoicism and self-reliance. To address this, programs should incorporate culturally sensitive approaches that normalize seeking help and foster trust. Public awareness campaigns emphasizing that mental health challenges are not signs of weakness but aspects of human experience can encourage more men and boys to access care.
Therapeutic approaches tailored to men’s communication styles and preferences could further enhance engagement. Many men are reluctant to engage in traditional talk therapy but might respond better to action-oriented or group-based therapies. Outdoor therapy programs, sports-based interventions, or peer-led support groups can create safe spaces where men feel comfortable sharing their struggles. Expanding these options would cater to the diverse needs of men and boys, particularly those who feel disconnected from conventional mental health services.
Another critical element is improving access to mental health care in schools and workplaces. Boys who exhibit behavioral issues or struggle academically often face underlying mental health challenges that go unaddressed. Schools can play a pivotal role by embedding mental health professionals within their systems and training educators to recognize the signs of distress. Similarly, workplaces can support men’s mental health by offering confidential counseling services, stress management programs, and wellness initiatives.
Rural and underserved areas require particular attention, as men in these regions often face limited access to mental health care. Expanding telehealth services can bridge this gap, offering remote counseling and psychiatric services to men who might otherwise go untreated. Federal and state governments can incentivize the development of telehealth platforms and ensure affordability through subsidies and insurance coverage, thus broadening access to vital services.
Preventive mental health care is another area requiring investment. Rather than focusing solely on treating mental health crises, programs should emphasize building resilience, teaching emotional intelligence, and fostering healthy coping mechanisms. Schools can introduce curricula that incorporate emotional wellness training for boys, while community centers and nonprofits can offer workshops and activities that build these skills in men of all ages.
Integrating mental health care with primary care services can also encourage men to seek help. Many men are more likely to visit their primary care doctor than a mental health professional, presenting an opportunity to screen for mental health issues and offer referrals. Training primary care providers to recognize and address mental health concerns in men can ensure that more individuals receive the support they need early on.
Efforts to reduce substance abuse, a key contributor to mental health challenges among men, should also be prioritized. Community-based addiction treatment programs that incorporate family involvement, peer support, and vocational training can provide men with the tools to rebuild their lives. Expanding funding for these programs and ensuring their accessibility will be critical to addressing the intersection of substance abuse and mental health.
Finally, advocacy and policy change are essential to ensuring that mental health resources for men and boys are adequately funded and supported. Governments should allocate dedicated funding for men’s mental health initiatives and establish benchmarks to measure their impact. By prioritizing this issue at the national and local levels, policymakers can foster a cultural shift that places mental health at the forefront of public health initiatives.
Community initiatives to combat loneliness and isolation
Loneliness and social isolation are pervasive issues among men, often leading to poor mental health outcomes and diminished quality of life. To combat these challenges, communities must implement initiatives that foster connection and create opportunities for men to build meaningful relationships. Community centers, for instance, can serve as hubs for social interaction, offering programs such as sports leagues, group fitness classes, and hobby-based clubs that encourage camaraderie and teamwork.
Mentorship programs are another powerful tool for addressing loneliness. By pairing boys and young men with older male mentors, communities can create intergenerational bonds that provide guidance, support, and a sense of belonging. These programs not only benefit participants but also foster stronger community ties, as mentors gain a renewed sense of purpose by investing in the next generation.
Faith-based organizations have long played a role in fostering community among men, and their efforts should be expanded and modernized to reach a broader audience. Men’s groups within churches, mosques, and synagogues can offer spaces for spiritual growth, emotional support, and practical guidance. Partnering with these organizations to address the broader issue of loneliness can amplify their impact and ensure that no man feels left behind.
Digital platforms and online communities can also play a role in combating isolation, particularly for men in rural areas or those with limited mobility. Creating online spaces where men can connect, share experiences, and seek advice can provide a lifeline for those who might otherwise remain isolated. However, care must be taken to ensure these platforms promote positive and supportive interactions, as toxic online spaces can exacerbate feelings of alienation.
Volunteerism is another effective strategy for fostering connection. Community service projects bring men together around shared goals, allowing them to build relationships while giving back. Whether through neighborhood cleanups, food drives, or Habitat for Humanity projects, volunteer opportunities provide men with a sense of purpose and belonging.
Addressing the decline of traditional community organizations, such as fraternal lodges and veteran groups, is essential to combating loneliness among older men. Revitalizing these organizations with modern programming and inclusive membership policies can attract new participants and restore their role as vital community pillars. Local governments and nonprofits can provide funding and logistical support to help these groups thrive.
Public spaces that encourage social interaction, such as parks, recreational facilities, and libraries, should be designed with men’s needs in mind. For example, creating dedicated areas for sports, games, or collaborative projects can draw men into these spaces and promote engagement. Urban planners and local governments must prioritize the development of accessible, welcoming environments where men can connect and build relationships.
Finally, cultural campaigns that challenge the stigma surrounding loneliness can encourage men to seek connection without fear of judgment. By normalizing discussions about isolation and promoting the value of community, these campaigns can inspire men to take the first step toward building meaningful relationships. Governments, media outlets, and advocacy organizations all have a role to play in shifting cultural attitudes and creating a society where no man feels alone.
Promoting male participation in education as teachers and mentors
The lack of male educators in the United States has created a significant gap in representation and mentorship for boys in schools. Men make up only about 24% of teachers in public schools, with even fewer in early childhood and elementary education. Addressing this imbalance requires concerted efforts to recruit and retain male teachers, particularly in schools that serve diverse and underserved populations. Male educators serve as role models, offering boys relatable examples of professionalism, empathy, and leadership within academic environments.
One of the most effective ways to promote male participation in education is through targeted scholarship programs for men pursuing teaching degrees. These financial incentives can make teaching a more attractive career option, particularly for men from low-income or underrepresented backgrounds. States and universities should establish and expand scholarships that specifically support men entering education, ensuring that cost is not a barrier to diversifying the teaching workforce.
Another approach is to launch public awareness campaigns that challenge stereotypes about teaching as a primarily feminine profession. Highlighting the contributions of male educators and emphasizing the importance of diverse perspectives in classrooms can help break down these cultural barriers. Schools, nonprofits, and advocacy groups can collaborate to promote teaching as a fulfilling and impactful career choice for men.
Mentorship programs can also play a crucial role in attracting and retaining male educators. Experienced teachers can guide and support men entering the field, offering advice on navigating challenges and developing effective teaching strategies. Building networks of male educators at the local, state, and national levels can foster a sense of community and shared purpose, helping men feel more supported in their careers.
To address the shortage of male educators in early childhood and elementary education, programs should focus on showcasing the unique impact men can have in these settings. Research shows that male teachers in early grades positively influence boys’ academic engagement and social development. Encouraging men to consider teaching young children as a valuable and respected career choice can help shift cultural perceptions and diversify the profession at all levels.
Retention of male teachers is just as important as recruitment. Many male educators leave the profession due to low salaries, lack of professional growth opportunities, or feelings of isolation in female-dominated workplaces. Increasing teacher pay, providing opportunities for career advancement, and creating inclusive school cultures can help retain male teachers and ensure they thrive in their roles. Schools must prioritize professional development and mentorship programs that address the specific needs and challenges faced by male educators.
Male educators can also serve as valuable mentors for students outside the classroom. Schools should actively encourage male teachers to participate in extracurricular activities, such as coaching sports teams, leading clubs, or organizing community service projects. These opportunities allow male educators to build deeper connections with students and serve as positive role models, fostering trust and engagement.
Partnerships between schools and community organizations can further expand opportunities for boys to connect with male mentors. Programs that bring professionals, tradesmen, and community leaders into schools to share their experiences and expertise can inspire boys and broaden their horizons. These initiatives not only benefit students but also strengthen ties between schools and their communities, creating a more supportive network for all stakeholders.
Ultimately, addressing the underrepresentation of men in education requires systemic change. Policymakers, educators, and community leaders must work together to implement strategies that attract and support male teachers, create inclusive environments, and highlight the importance of representation. By investing in these efforts, society can ensure that boys have access to diverse role models who can guide them toward academic and personal success.
Targeted interventions to address educational disparities
Boys in the United States face significant educational disparities that begin early and persist throughout their academic careers. Boys are more likely than girls to be diagnosed with learning disabilities, suspended or expelled from school, and fall behind in critical areas such as reading and writing. These disparities disproportionately affect boys from low-income and minority backgrounds, compounding systemic inequities and limiting opportunities for upward mobility. Addressing these challenges requires targeted interventions that prioritize the unique needs of boys and create equitable opportunities for success.
Early intervention is key to closing educational gaps for boys. Research shows that early childhood education programs significantly improve academic outcomes, yet many boys lack access to high-quality preschool experiences. Expanding access to early learning programs, particularly in underserved communities, can provide boys with the foundational skills they need to succeed. Programs should include a focus on literacy, social-emotional development, and behavioral support, tailored to the developmental needs of boys.
Schools must adopt teaching strategies that align with boys’ learning styles. Boys often excel in hands-on, experiential learning environments that emphasize problem-solving and collaboration. Incorporating project-based learning, STEM activities, and physical movement into the curriculum can help boys stay engaged and motivated. Teacher training programs should equip educators with the tools to recognize and address diverse learning needs, ensuring that boys receive the support they need to thrive.
Behavioral interventions are another critical component of addressing educational disparities. Boys are more likely than girls to exhibit behavioral challenges that lead to disciplinary actions, such as suspensions and expulsions. These punitive measures often exacerbate academic struggles and contribute to the school-to-prison pipeline. Schools should implement restorative justice practices that focus on conflict resolution, accountability, and relationship-building rather than punishment. Training educators and staff in trauma-informed approaches can also help create supportive environments where boys feel safe and valued.
Mentorship programs tailored to boys can provide guidance, encouragement, and accountability, helping them navigate academic and personal challenges. Pairing boys with male mentors who model positive behaviors and attitudes can inspire confidence and foster a sense of belonging. Schools, nonprofits, and community organizations should collaborate to develop and expand mentorship initiatives that target boys at risk of falling behind.
Addressing the literacy gap is particularly important, as reading proficiency is a key predictor of academic success. Boys are often less interested in reading than girls, partly due to a lack of relatable and engaging materials. Schools can address this by incorporating diverse and gender-inclusive texts into the curriculum, as well as providing access to books that reflect boys’ interests and experiences. Initiatives such as book clubs, reading competitions, and family literacy nights can further promote a love of reading among boys.
Parental involvement is another crucial factor in addressing educational disparities. Boys whose parents actively engage in their education are more likely to succeed academically. Schools should provide resources and support to help parents participate in their children’s learning, such as workshops, family engagement events, and regular communication. Fathers, in particular, should be encouraged to take an active role in their sons’ education, as their involvement can have a profound impact on boys’ academic and social development.
Community partnerships can also play a vital role in addressing educational disparities. Businesses, faith-based organizations, and local governments can collaborate with schools to provide resources, mentorship opportunities, and enrichment programs for boys. These partnerships can help bridge gaps in funding and support, ensuring that boys have access to the tools and experiences they need to succeed.
Finally, addressing systemic inequities in education requires a commitment to equity and inclusion at all levels. Policymakers must prioritize funding for schools in underserved communities, reduce class sizes, and provide professional development for teachers. By investing in targeted interventions and creating supportive learning environments, society can ensure that boys have the opportunity to reach their full potential.
Policies to support male participation in emerging industries
The rapid evolution of the global economy has created both opportunities and challenges for men, particularly those in industries experiencing significant disruption. Historically male-dominated fields such as manufacturing, mining, and construction have declined due to automation and globalization, leaving many men without stable employment. To address this, policies must be designed to support male participation in emerging industries such as technology, healthcare, renewable energy, and advanced manufacturing. These fields represent significant growth areas, offering men the chance to rebuild their careers and contribute meaningfully to the economy.
One critical policy approach is to establish targeted subsidies and incentives for companies that hire and train men in high-demand industries. Tax credits and grants can encourage businesses to invest in workforce development programs that prioritize male workers, particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds. These incentives can help create pathways for men to enter and thrive in fields that might otherwise be inaccessible due to skill gaps or financial barriers.
Another effective strategy is the development of apprenticeship programs that provide hands-on training in emerging industries. Apprenticeships allow men to earn while they learn, making it easier for those with families or financial responsibilities to participate. Federal and state governments can expand funding for apprenticeship programs and partner with private sector employers to ensure these opportunities are widely available. Special focus should be placed on creating programs that target underrepresented groups, such as men of color and men in rural communities.
Promoting male participation in traditionally female-dominated fields, such as healthcare and education, is also essential to broadening economic opportunities. These sectors are experiencing significant growth and offer stable, well-paying jobs, yet men remain underrepresented. Public awareness campaigns that challenge stereotypes about gender roles in the workplace can help normalize male participation in these fields. Additionally, scholarships and grants for men pursuing degrees in nursing, teaching, and caregiving can reduce financial barriers and attract more men to these professions.
Regional economic development initiatives can play a key role in addressing localized challenges. For example, communities impacted by the decline of manufacturing can benefit from targeted investment in renewable energy projects or technology hubs. Policymakers should prioritize infrastructure development, such as broadband expansion and transportation improvements, to support economic revitalization in these areas. These efforts can attract businesses and create job opportunities for men, providing a foundation for long-term economic growth.
Workforce diversity policies should also emphasize the importance of including men in the conversation. While much of the focus on diversity initiatives has rightly centered on increasing representation for women and minority groups, it is equally important to ensure that men, particularly those from underprivileged backgrounds, are not left behind. Policies that prioritize equal access to education, training, and employment opportunities for all individuals can help create a more inclusive economy that benefits everyone.
Collaboration between educational institutions and employers is another vital component of supporting male participation in emerging industries. High schools, community colleges, and universities should partner with businesses to design curricula that align with workforce needs. These programs can provide men with the skills and certifications necessary to secure jobs in growth sectors. Early exposure to these opportunities through career fairs, internships, and mentorship programs can help young men envision and pursue careers in these fields.
Entrepreneurship programs offer another avenue for economic empowerment. Men who face barriers to traditional employment can benefit from initiatives that provide training, mentorship, and access to capital for starting their own businesses. Governments and nonprofits can establish incubators and accelerators that support male entrepreneurs, particularly those from underrepresented groups. By fostering innovation and self-employment, these programs can help men build sustainable livelihoods and contribute to economic growth.
Finally, addressing systemic barriers to employment, such as discrimination, lack of affordable childcare, and transportation challenges, is essential to supporting male participation in the workforce. Policies that address these issues, such as paid family leave, subsidized childcare, and investments in public transportation, can remove obstacles that prevent men from accessing job opportunities. By creating an environment where all workers can thrive, these policies can ensure that men are able to fully participate in the modern economy.
Retraining programs for displaced workers
The rapid pace of technological advancement and economic change has left many men displaced from their traditional roles in industries such as manufacturing, coal mining, and agriculture. Retraining programs are essential to helping these men acquire the skills needed to transition into new careers and rebuild their lives. Effective retraining initiatives must be accessible, practical, and aligned with the needs of the modern workforce, ensuring that displaced workers can compete in an increasingly knowledge-driven economy.
One of the most important aspects of retraining programs is accessibility. Many displaced workers live in rural or economically disadvantaged areas, where opportunities for education and training are limited. Governments and educational institutions must prioritize the expansion of community colleges, vocational schools, and training centers in these regions. Mobile training units and online learning platforms can further increase accessibility, allowing men to participate in programs without having to relocate or disrupt their personal lives.
Programs should also be tailored to the specific needs of displaced workers. Men who have spent decades in a particular industry often face unique challenges when transitioning to new roles, including a lack of familiarity with modern technology and apprehension about returning to a classroom environment. Training programs should incorporate hands-on learning and practical applications, making it easier for men to adapt to new skills. Additionally, programs should provide support services, such as career counseling and financial assistance, to help participants navigate the transition.
Employer partnerships are critical to the success of retraining initiatives. Businesses can play a key role by offering on-the-job training, internships, and job placement programs for retrained workers. These partnerships ensure that training programs align with industry needs, increasing the likelihood that participants will secure employment upon completion. Governments can incentivize businesses to participate in these efforts through tax credits and grants, creating a win-win scenario for employers and workers.
Special attention must be given to older men, who often face greater challenges in retraining due to age-related biases and physical limitations. Programs that accommodate the needs of older workers, such as flexible schedules and adaptive learning methods, can help ensure that they are not excluded from economic opportunities. Additionally, efforts to combat ageism in the workplace are essential to creating an inclusive environment where men of all ages can thrive.
Retraining programs should also emphasize soft skills, such as communication, teamwork, and problem-solving, in addition to technical skills. These competencies are increasingly valued in the modern workplace and can help displaced workers adapt to a variety of roles. Incorporating these elements into training curricula can enhance participants’ employability and confidence.
Funding is a critical factor in the success of retraining programs. Federal and state governments must allocate sufficient resources to support these initiatives, ensuring that they are free or affordable for participants. Public-private partnerships can also provide additional funding and resources, helping to expand the reach and impact of retraining efforts.
Measuring the outcomes of retraining programs is essential to their continuous improvement. Policymakers and program administrators should track metrics such as job placement rates, participant satisfaction, and long-term earnings to evaluate the effectiveness of their efforts. By analyzing this data, stakeholders can identify areas for improvement and ensure that programs remain responsive to the needs of displaced workers.
Finally, public awareness campaigns can help destigmatize retraining and encourage men to participate. Many men view retraining as an admission of failure or a sign of weakness, making them reluctant to seek help. By promoting the value of lifelong learning and framing retraining as an opportunity for growth, these campaigns can inspire men to take the first step toward building a brighter future.
Strengthening Families and Relationships
Fatherhood programs and parenting education
Fatherhood plays a pivotal role in the well-being of children, families, and communities, yet many fathers face challenges in fulfilling their roles effectively. Fatherhood programs and parenting education initiatives are essential to equipping men with the tools, knowledge, and support they need to thrive as parents. These programs must be accessible, inclusive, and designed to address the unique challenges faced by fathers, particularly those from marginalized or underserved communities.
One of the primary goals of fatherhood programs should be to strengthen fathers’ relationships with their children. Research shows that children with engaged fathers are more likely to succeed academically, develop emotional resilience, and avoid risky behaviors. Programs that teach fathers how to communicate effectively, manage conflict, and nurture their children can have a transformative impact on family dynamics. Parenting workshops, counseling sessions, and father-child activities can all help foster stronger bonds and promote positive outcomes for children.
Fatherhood programs must also address the specific needs of noncustodial fathers, who often face significant barriers to maintaining relationships with their children. Legal obstacles, financial strain, and limited access to visitation rights can make it difficult for these fathers to remain actively involved in their children’s lives. Programs that provide legal assistance, mediation services, and financial education can help noncustodial fathers navigate these challenges and advocate for their parental rights.
Economic support is another critical component of fatherhood programs. Many fathers struggle to balance work and family responsibilities, particularly in low-income households where financial pressures are acute. Programs that offer job training, employment assistance, and financial literacy education can empower fathers to provide for their families while maintaining an active parenting role. These initiatives should also include resources for addressing child support obligations, helping fathers meet their responsibilities without creating undue hardship.
Cultural and societal attitudes toward fatherhood must also be addressed. Stereotypes that portray fathers as disengaged or secondary caregivers can discourage men from fully embracing their roles. Public awareness campaigns that highlight the importance of fatherhood and celebrate positive examples of engaged fathers can help shift these perceptions. Schools, workplaces, and community organizations can also play a role in normalizing active fatherhood and creating environments that support fathers in their parenting journeys.
Fatherhood programs should be tailored to reflect the diversity of family structures and experiences. Single fathers, same-sex parents, and fathers from different cultural backgrounds all face unique challenges that require specific support and resources. Programs that are inclusive and culturally competent can ensure that all fathers, regardless of their circumstances, have the opportunity to succeed as parents.
Technology can also play a role in expanding access to fatherhood programs. Online parenting courses, virtual support groups, and mobile apps can provide fathers with resources and guidance at their fingertips. These tools are particularly valuable for fathers in rural or remote areas, where in-person services may be limited. Leveraging technology to deliver parenting education can help bridge gaps and ensure that more fathers can benefit from these programs.
Collaboration between public and private sectors is essential to the success of fatherhood initiatives. Governments, nonprofits, and businesses can work together to fund and implement programs that support fathers and families. Employers, for example, can offer parenting workshops or support groups as part of their employee wellness programs, while governments can provide grants and tax incentives to encourage these efforts.
Finally, measuring the impact of fatherhood programs is crucial to ensuring their effectiveness and sustainability. Policymakers and program administrators should collect data on outcomes such as father-child interaction, family stability, and child development to assess the success of their initiatives. Continuous evaluation and adaptation can help refine these programs and maximize their impact over time.
Incentives for shared parenting and family involvement
Shared parenting has emerged as a critical approach to promoting family stability and ensuring that children have access to both parents. Research consistently shows that children benefit from having active and involved relationships with both parents, yet traditional custody arrangements often limit fathers’ involvement after divorce or separation. Incentivizing shared parenting and family involvement can help create a more equitable framework that prioritizes the well-being of children and supports both parents in fulfilling their roles.
One way to promote shared parenting is through legal reforms that encourage equitable custody arrangements. Many families court systems default to awarding primary custody to mothers, leaving fathers with limited visitation rights. By shifting toward a presumption of shared parenting, courts can create a baseline expectation that both parents will remain actively involved in their children’s lives. These reforms should also include provisions for addressing cases involving abuse or neglect to ensure that children’s safety remains the top priority.
Financial incentives can also encourage shared parenting arrangements. Policies that provide tax benefits or financial assistance to parents who actively co-parent can reduce the economic strain of maintaining separate households and make shared parenting more feasible. Additionally, reforms to child support systems can ensure that financial responsibilities are fairly distributed and do not create undue burdens for either parent.
Workplace policies play a critical role in supporting shared parenting. Many fathers face challenges in balancing work and family responsibilities, particularly in jobs that do not offer flexible schedules or parental leave. Expanding access to paid parental leave and encouraging employers to adopt family-friendly policies can help fathers participate more fully in parenting. Workplaces that support shared parenting not only benefit families but also contribute to employee well-being and productivity.
Education and awareness campaigns are essential to promoting shared parenting as a cultural norm. Many parents are unaware of the benefits of shared parenting or struggle to navigate the complexities of co-parenting relationships. Public awareness campaigns can provide information about the importance of shared parenting and offer practical advice for overcoming challenges. Schools, community organizations, and healthcare providers can also play a role in educating parents about the value of maintaining strong relationships with both parents.
Mediation and conflict resolution services are critical for facilitating shared parenting arrangements. Divorces and separations often involve high levels of conflict, which can make co-parenting difficult. Mediation programs that help parents resolve disputes and develop co-parenting plans can reduce tension and foster collaboration. These services should be widely accessible and affordable, ensuring that all families can benefit from professional support.
Technology can also support shared parenting by providing tools for communication and coordination. Co-parenting apps that allow parents to share schedules, track expenses, and communicate effectively can help reduce misunderstandings and streamline logistics. These tools are particularly useful for parents who live in different locations or have complex custody arrangements.
Community support networks are another valuable resource for promoting shared parenting. Parenting support groups, mentorship programs, and community centers can provide parents with guidance, resources, and opportunities to connect with others who share similar experiences. These networks can help parents navigate the challenges of shared parenting and build stronger relationships with their children.
Finally, addressing systemic biases within family court systems is essential to ensuring that shared parenting becomes a viable option for more families. Judges, attorneys, and mediators should receive training on the benefits of shared parenting and the importance of equitable custody arrangements. By fostering a culture of fairness and collaboration within the legal system, policymakers can create a framework that prioritizes the best interests of children and supports both parents in their roles.
Leadership and mentorship initiatives
One of the most effective ways to help men and boys restore a sense of purpose and values is through leadership and mentorship initiatives. These programs can provide guidance, inspiration, and support for men of all ages, helping them develop skills, confidence, and a strong sense of identity. Leadership and mentorship initiatives are particularly impactful for boys and young men, who benefit greatly from positive role models who exemplify integrity, responsibility, and empathy.
Leadership programs tailored for boys and young men can teach essential life skills, such as decision-making, goal-setting, and effective communication. These programs can be implemented in schools, community centers, and youth organizations, offering structured environments where boys can learn and grow. Activities such as team projects, public speaking workshops, and leadership training seminars provide boys with opportunities to develop confidence and discover their potential.
Mentorship initiatives are another powerful tool for fostering purpose and values. Pairing boys and young men with mentors who share their experiences, challenges, or aspirations can create lasting relationships that promote personal and professional growth. Mentors can provide guidance on navigating life’s challenges, whether it’s choosing a career path, overcoming adversity, or developing healthy relationships. Expanding mentorship programs to reach underserved communities is essential to ensuring that every boy has access to a positive male role model.
Leadership initiatives for adult men can also help them redefine their roles in a rapidly changing world. Programs that emphasize emotional intelligence, teamwork, and community engagement can help men adapt to new societal expectations while remaining true to their core values. Workshops on topics such as conflict resolution, active listening, and inclusive leadership can equip men with the tools they need to succeed in personal and professional settings.
Faith-based organizations can play a significant role in leadership and mentorship initiatives, as many men seek spiritual guidance and community support. Churches, synagogues, mosques, and other religious institutions can create programs that encourage men to take on leadership roles within their communities while fostering a deeper connection to their faith and values. These programs often provide a sense of belonging and purpose that is critical for men navigating complex societal changes.
Corporate leadership programs targeted at men can help address gender imbalances in leadership positions while promoting inclusive workplace cultures. Employers can implement initiatives that encourage men to mentor their colleagues, support diversity efforts, and develop leadership skills. By fostering a culture of mentorship and collaboration, organizations can create environments where men and women work together to achieve shared goals.
Leadership and mentorship initiatives should also focus on promoting intergenerational relationships. Older men have a wealth of experience and wisdom to share with younger generations, and creating opportunities for these exchanges can benefit both groups. Programs that encourage older men to volunteer as mentors, coaches, or community leaders can help them maintain a sense of purpose while providing invaluable guidance to boys and young men.
Technology can be leveraged to expand access to mentorship and leadership opportunities. Online platforms and virtual mentorship programs can connect men and boys with mentors and resources regardless of geographical location. These tools can also facilitate networking and collaboration, creating communities of support that extend beyond local boundaries. Governments and nonprofits can invest in the development of digital mentorship platforms to ensure broad accessibility.
Finally, celebrating and recognizing positive examples of leadership and mentorship can inspire others to follow suit. Public awareness campaigns, awards, and media coverage that highlight men who have made a difference in their communities can serve as powerful motivators. By showcasing the impact of leadership and mentorship, society can encourage more men to take an active role in shaping their families, workplaces, and communities.
Community-building programs that reinforce traditional and evolving roles
Community-building programs are essential for helping men and boys navigate the evolving definitions of masculinity while reinforcing values such as responsibility, empathy, and service. These programs create spaces where men can connect, share experiences, and support one another in meaningful ways. By fostering a sense of belonging and purpose, community-building initiatives can empower men to contribute positively to their families and communities.
Programs that emphasize volunteerism and service provide men with opportunities to engage in meaningful work that benefits others. Community clean-up projects, food drives, and Habitat for Humanity builds, for example, allow men to channel their energy into constructive activities that foster a sense of accomplishment and camaraderie. These initiatives not only strengthen communities but also help men develop a greater appreciation for their roles as contributors and caretakers.
Sports and recreation programs are another effective avenue for building community among men and boys. Team sports, outdoor adventures, and fitness challenges provide opportunities for men to bond over shared interests while promoting physical and mental well-being. These activities can also teach valuable lessons about teamwork, perseverance, and respect, reinforcing positive values in a supportive environment.
Cultural and artistic programs can also play a role in community building. Activities such as music, theater, and visual arts encourage men to express themselves creatively while fostering connections with others. These programs can challenge traditional notions of masculinity by demonstrating that strength and vulnerability can coexist. Incorporating cultural elements that reflect the diversity of participants can further enhance the inclusivity and impact of these initiatives.
Workshops and discussion groups that address topics such as mental health, parenting, and relationships provide men with opportunities to learn and grow in a supportive setting. Facilitated by trained professionals or community leaders, these sessions can help men develop the skills and confidence needed to navigate life’s challenges. Creating safe spaces where men feel comfortable sharing their experiences is essential to fostering meaningful connections and promoting personal growth.
Faith-based community programs can provide spiritual guidance and support for men seeking to deepen their sense of purpose. These programs often emphasize service, mentorship, and family engagement, encouraging men to take an active role in their communities. Partnering with religious institutions to expand the reach of these initiatives can ensure that more men have access to the resources and support they need.
Intergenerational programs can foster a sense of continuity and shared purpose within communities. Activities that bring together men of different ages, such as storytelling events, mentorship opportunities, and family reunions, can help bridge generational divides and reinforce shared values. Older men can pass down wisdom and traditions, while younger men bring fresh perspectives and energy to community-building efforts.
Programs that emphasize diversity and inclusion are critical to creating communities where all men feel valued and respected. Initiatives that address issues such as racism, sexism, and economic inequality can help break down barriers and promote understanding among participants. By fostering inclusive environments, community-building programs can encourage men to embrace their evolving roles while remaining committed to principles of equality and justice.
Finally, public support and funding are essential to sustaining community-building programs. Governments, nonprofits, and private sector partners must collaborate to provide the resources needed to expand these initiatives and ensure their long-term impact. By investing in community-building efforts, society can create a foundation for healthier, more connected, and more resilient men who are equipped to thrive in a changing world.
CASE STUDIES AND EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACHES
Examples of successful programs (e.g., H.E.A.L. Hawaii)
Several compelling examples of successful programs addressing the needs of men and boys fit the description of H.E.A.L. (Healthy, Empowered, and Active Living), these community-based initiatives focus on promoting mental health, emotional well-being, and social connection among men and boys. With a host of supporters (2015-22), The Kauai Fatherhood Council hosted the Kauai Men’s Conference bringing men together from all walks of life for a day of affirmation, support and challenge. Currently, Kupu A’e Leadership Development along with the Queen Lili’uokalani Trust, Child and Family Services, and The Relationship Literacy Program are hosting day-long programming for men, as well as Boys to Men Hawaii hosting programming for boys in the schools. Although different these programs operate on a foundation of holistic health, integrating physical fitness, emotional resilience, and cultural education to foster a sense of purpose and belonging among participants. Hawaii incorporates traditional Hawaiian values such as aloha (compassion), kuleana (responsibility), and ‘ohana (family) into its programming, ensuring that participants feel a deep sense of connection to their heritage and community. This cultural integration has made the program particularly effective for Native Hawaiian men, who often face unique challenges related to historical trauma, systemic inequities, and cultural identity. Emphasis on culturally grounded approaches has been a key factor in success. The programs provide men and boys with safe spaces to share their experiences, confront personal challenges, and build meaningful relationships. Through workshops, peer support groups, and outdoor activities, these H.E.A.L. Hawaii initiatives are successfully reducing feelings of isolation and empowering men and boys to take charge of their mental health and well-being. By addressing these factors, H.E.A.L. Hawaii initiatives create a model that other communities can adapt to their cultural contexts.
Another successful initiative is the work of Richard Reeves, a scholar at the Brookings Institution, whose research and advocacy have highlighted the challenges facing boys and men in education, employment, and family life. Reeves’ initiatives emphasize evidence-based policy recommendations, such as increasing male representation in education, reforming disciplinary practices in schools, and creating targeted workforce development programs for men in declining industries. His book, Of Boys and Men, serves as both a diagnostic tool and a blueprint for action, offering practical solutions to address systemic barriers that hold men and boys back.
Reeves’ advocacy has inspired several pilot programs aimed at closing gender gaps in education. For example, some schools have implemented strategies based on his recommendations, such as hiring more male teachers, providing mentorship opportunities for boys, and introducing restorative justice practices to reduce disciplinary disparities. These efforts have demonstrated measurable improvements in boys’ academic engagement, behavioral outcomes, and overall well-being, reinforcing the importance of targeted interventions for this demographic.
The My Brother’s Keeper (MBK) Alliance, launched under the Obama administration, is another example of a successful program that has had a profound impact on boys and young men of color. MBK focuses on addressing opportunity gaps by providing mentorship, educational resources, and career pathways. The program operates through a network of local initiatives that tailor their efforts to the specific needs of their communities. By fostering partnerships among schools, nonprofits, and businesses, MBK has helped thousands of young men gain access to resources that support their academic and professional success.
One notable success story within the MBK framework is the program’s mentorship initiative. By pairing young men with positive male role models, MBK has created opportunities for participants to build confidence, set goals, and develop essential life skills. The program has also facilitated internships, college readiness workshops, and financial literacy training, equipping young men with the tools they need to achieve long-term success. Data from MBK sites have shown improvements in graduation rates, college enrollment, and job placement among participants, underscoring the program’s effectiveness.
The Becoming a Man (B.A.M.) program in Chicago offers another compelling example of evidence-based intervention. B.A.M. provides group counseling and mentorship for young men in high-risk communities, focusing on social-emotional learning and decision-making skills. The program’s curriculum emphasizes six core values: integrity, accountability, positive anger expression, self-determination, respect for women, and visionary goal-setting. Studies have shown that B.A.M. participants are less likely to engage in violent behavior, more likely to stay in school, and more likely to graduate compared to their peers who do not participate in the program.
The Fatherhood FIRE (Family-focused, Interconnected, Resilient, and Essential) initiative, funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, provides support for fathers seeking to strengthen their relationships with their children and families. The program offers parenting education, job training, and relationship counseling, emphasizing the importance of fatherhood in creating stable and nurturing family environments. Evaluations of Fatherhood FIRE have shown significant improvements in parenting skills, co-parenting relationships, and economic stability among participants.
Another noteworthy program is ManKind Project (MKP), a global nonprofit organization that provides personal development workshops and peer-led support groups for men. MKP’s flagship program, the New Warrior Training Adventure, helps men explore their emotions, values, and purpose in a supportive and challenging environment. The organization’s ongoing support groups, known as Integration Groups, offer men a space to connect regularly, share experiences, and hold one another accountable. Participants report increased self-awareness, improved relationships, and a greater sense of purpose as a result of their involvement with MKP.
The Huddle Up initiative, based in California, focuses on addressing loneliness and social isolation among men through community engagement and volunteerism. The program organizes regular meetups where men participate in group activities such as hiking, sports, and community service projects. These gatherings provide opportunities for men to build friendships, develop a sense of belonging, and contribute to their communities. Huddle Up has been particularly effective in reaching men who might not seek help through traditional avenues, offering a low-pressure entry point for connection and support.
Finally, Cities United, a national network of mayors and community leaders, works to reduce violence among young men of color by addressing its root causes, such as poverty, systemic racism, and lack of opportunity. The program emphasizes collaboration among stakeholders to implement strategies that improve education, employment, and public safety outcomes. Cities United has achieved notable success in reducing violence and creating pathways to success for young men in cities across the United States, demonstrating the power of coordinated, community-driven approaches.
Lessons learned from community-based interventions
Community-based interventions have taught us valuable lessons about what works—and what doesn’t—when addressing the challenges faced by men and boys. One critical takeaway is the importance of cultural competency. Programs that are tailored to the cultural, social, and economic contexts of their target populations tend to be more successful than one-size-fits-all approaches. For example, H.E.A.L. Hawaii’s integration of Native Hawaiian values has made the program uniquely effective in addressing the needs of its participants, demonstrating the value of grounding initiatives in local traditions and perspectives.
Another key lesson is the importance of early intervention. Many successful programs, such as B.A.M. and MBK, focus on reaching boys and young men at critical developmental stages, providing support before challenges escalate into crises. By addressing issues such as academic struggles, behavioral challenges, and exposure to violence early on, these programs can prevent long-term negative outcomes and set participants on a path toward success.
Community ownership is another factor that contributes to the effectiveness of interventions. Programs that involve local stakeholders in their design and implementation are more likely to gain trust and buy-in from participants. Cities United, for instance, works closely with mayors, community leaders, and residents to develop strategies that reflect the unique needs and priorities of each city. This collaborative approach ensures that interventions are relevant, sustainable, and impactful.
The value of mentorship cannot be overstated. Programs like MBK and Fatherhood FIRE have demonstrated the transformative power of connecting men and boys with positive role models who can provide guidance, encouragement, and accountability. Mentorship not only benefits participants but also strengthens communities by fostering relationships built on trust, respect, and shared goals.
Sustained funding and resources are essential for long-term success. Many promising initiatives struggle to maintain their impact due to inconsistent funding or a lack of infrastructure. Governments, nonprofits, and private sector partners must work together to ensure that successful programs receive the support they need to scale and sustain their efforts. Public-private partnerships, such as those seen in MBK and Fatherhood FIRE, offer a model for leveraging resources and expertise to achieve shared goals.
Flexibility and adaptability are also critical to success. Programs must be willing to evolve based on feedback, changing circumstances, and new research. For example, the ManKind Project regularly updates its curriculum to reflect the latest insights into men’s emotional and psychological needs. This commitment to continuous improvement ensures that interventions remain relevant and effective.
Evaluation and accountability are equally important. Programs that collect data, measure outcomes, and assess their impact are better positioned to demonstrate their value and secure ongoing support. Evidence-based practices, such as those implemented by B.A.M. and MBK, provide a solid foundation for program design and allow stakeholders to replicate successful models in other contexts.
Community-based interventions also highlight the importance of addressing systemic barriers. Programs that tackle root causes, such as poverty, racism, and lack of opportunity, are more likely to achieve lasting change. For example, Cities United’s focus on reducing violence by improving education and employment opportunities demonstrates the power of holistic, systems-level approaches.
Finally, the success of community-based interventions depends on building strong networks of support. Programs that connect participants with peers, mentors, and community resources create a web of relationships that can sustain individuals through challenges and transitions. By fostering these connections, interventions can help men and boys build resilience, find purpose, and contribute positively to their families and communities.
Development of a national strategy for supporting men and boys
The development of a national strategy to support men and boys is an essential first step in addressing the systemic challenges they face. The federal government must lead this effort by creating a comprehensive, data-driven framework that prioritizes the well-being of men and boys across multiple domains, including education, mental health, employment, family life, and community engagement. This strategy should serve as a blueprint for policymakers, educators, healthcare providers, and community leaders, offering clear objectives, actionable recommendations, and measurable outcomes.
A national strategy should begin with a thorough assessment of the challenges facing men and boys in America. This involves collecting and analyzing data on issues such as academic underachievement, mental health disparities, unemployment, and incarceration rates. By identifying trends and patterns, policymakers can pinpoint the most pressing problems and allocate resources accordingly. A dedicated task force or advisory group, composed of experts from diverse fields, can oversee this assessment and provide guidance on the strategy’s development.
Collaboration is a cornerstone of any successful national strategy. The federal government must engage stakeholders at all levels, including state and local governments, nonprofits, academic institutions, and community organizations. Public forums, town hall meetings, and stakeholder workshops can provide valuable insights and ensure that the strategy reflects the needs and priorities of diverse communities. This collaborative approach fosters buy-in and creates a sense of shared responsibility for addressing the challenges faced by men and boys.
A key component of the national strategy should be the promotion of gender-specific initiatives that recognize and address the unique needs of men and boys. While gender-neutral policies are important for fostering equality, they often fail to account for the distinct challenges faced by men. For example, programs that target male-specific mental health issues, such as high suicide rates and substance abuse, can have a profound impact on public health. Similarly, initiatives that focus on improving educational outcomes for boys can help close achievement gaps and increase economic mobility.
The strategy should also emphasize the importance of early intervention. Programs that support boys during critical developmental stages can prevent long-term challenges and set them on a path toward success. For example, early childhood education initiatives that incorporate social-emotional learning and behavioral support can address the root causes of academic and social difficulties. Similarly, mentorship programs that connect boys with positive male role models can provide guidance and inspiration during adolescence and early adulthood.
Public awareness campaigns are another vital element of the national strategy. These campaigns can challenge harmful stereotypes about masculinity, promote the importance of seeking help, and highlight the contributions of men and boys to society. By fostering a culture of empathy and understanding, public awareness efforts can reduce stigma and encourage men to engage with available resources. The federal government can partner with media outlets, advocacy groups, and cultural influencers to amplify these messages and reach a broad audience.
Funding and resource allocation are critical to the success of a national strategy. The federal government must ensure that programs supporting men and boys receive adequate funding and that these resources are distributed equitably. Grants, tax incentives, and public-private partnerships can help expand the reach and impact of successful initiatives. Additionally, dedicated funding streams can support research and evaluation, ensuring that programs are evidence-based and outcomes-driven.
The strategy should include clear benchmarks and accountability measures to track progress and assess impact. Annual reports, performance evaluations, and stakeholder feedback can provide valuable insights into the strategy’s effectiveness and identify areas for improvement. By maintaining transparency and accountability, the federal government can build trust and demonstrate its commitment to addressing the needs of men and boys.
Finally, the national strategy must be adaptable and forward-looking. As societal norms and challenges evolve, the strategy should be flexible enough to address emerging issues while remaining grounded in evidence-based practices. Regular updates and revisions, informed by new research and stakeholder input, can ensure that the strategy remains relevant and impactful over time.
Creation of a Commission on Boys and Men
The establishment of a Commission on Boys and Men is a crucial step toward addressing the challenges faced by this demographic at a national level. This commission would serve as a centralized body dedicated to studying the issues affecting men and boys, developing policy recommendations, and coordinating efforts across federal agencies and other stakeholders. Modeled after successful commissions on women and children, the Commission on Boys and Men would elevate these issues to the forefront of public discourse and policymaking.
The commission’s primary responsibility would be to conduct comprehensive research on the challenges faced by men and boys, including mental health disparities, educational underachievement, economic insecurity, and family instability. By gathering data and analyzing trends, the commission can provide a clearer picture of the systemic barriers that hold men and boys back. This research would form the foundation for evidence-based policy recommendations and guide the allocation of resources.
One of the commission’s key roles would be to advocate for gender-specific policies that address the unique needs of men and boys. For example, the commission could recommend initiatives to increase male representation in education, expand access to mental health services, and reform criminal justice policies that disproportionately affect men. These recommendations would inform federal, state, and local decision-making, ensuring that programs and policies are inclusive and equitable.
The commission would also serve as a hub for collaboration and coordination. By bringing together experts, advocates, and stakeholders from diverse fields, the commission can facilitate the exchange of ideas and best practices. Regular meetings, conferences, and working groups can provide opportunities for stakeholders to share insights, develop innovative solutions, and build partnerships. This collaborative approach ensures that efforts to support men and boys are cohesive and aligned.
Public outreach and education would be another critical function of the commission. By raising awareness about the challenges faced by men and boys and promoting the importance of addressing these issues, the commission can foster a sense of urgency and mobilize support. Public awareness campaigns, community forums, and media engagement can help change cultural attitudes and encourage men to seek help and access resources.
The commission would also oversee the implementation and evaluation of programs and policies aimed at supporting men and boys. By setting clear goals, tracking progress, and measuring outcomes, the commission can ensure accountability and demonstrate the impact of its efforts. Regular reports to Congress and the public would provide transparency and highlight areas where additional action is needed.
Funding and resource allocation would be a key focus of the commission’s work. The commission can advocate for dedicated funding streams to support programs that address the needs of men and boys, such as mental health services, mentorship initiatives, and workforce development programs. By prioritizing these investments, the commission can help ensure that resources are directed toward the most effective and impactful solutions.
The commission’s work should be guided by principles of inclusivity and equity. Men and boys from diverse backgrounds, including men of color, LGBTQ+ men, and men from rural or economically disadvantaged communities, face unique challenges that require targeted interventions. The commission must ensure that its research, recommendations, and programs address these disparities and promote opportunities for all men and boys to succeed.
To maintain its independence and credibility, the commission should be composed of nonpartisan experts and stakeholders with diverse perspectives. Members could include researchers, educators, healthcare providers, community leaders, and representatives from advocacy organizations. This diverse composition ensures that the commission’s work is informed by a wide range of experiences and expertise.
Finally, the establishment of the Commission on Boys and Men sends a powerful message that the federal government recognizes and values the contributions of men and boys to society. By creating a dedicated institution to address these issues, policymakers can demonstrate their commitment to fostering a more inclusive and equitable society where all individuals have the opportunity to thrive.
Federal support for state and local programs addressing these issues
The federal government plays a critical role in supporting state and local programs that address the challenges faced by men and boys. While many successful initiatives are implemented at the community level, federal funding, resources, and guidance are essential to scaling these efforts and ensuring their sustainability. By providing robust support for state and local programs, the federal government can amplify their impact and foster a coordinated national response to these pressing issues.
One of the most effective ways for the federal government to support state and local programs is through grant funding. Federal grants can provide the financial resources needed to launch, expand, and sustain initiatives that address the needs of men and boys. For example, grants could fund mentorship programs, mental health services, and vocational training initiatives. By prioritizing programs that demonstrate measurable outcomes, the federal government can ensure that taxpayer dollars are invested in effective and impactful solutions.
Technical assistance is another valuable form of federal support. Many state and local organizations lack the expertise or infrastructure needed to design and implement evidence-based programs. Federal agencies can provide guidance, training, and resources to help these organizations build capacity and improve their effectiveness. This support can include access to research, best practices, and evaluation tools, ensuring that programs are informed by the latest insights and innovations.
The federal government can also facilitate collaboration and knowledge-sharing among state and local programs. National conferences, webinars, and online platforms can provide opportunities for program administrators to connect, share experiences, and learn from one another. By creating a network of practitioners, the federal government can foster a sense of community and encourage the replication of successful models.
Policy alignment is another critical area where federal support can make a difference. By setting national standards and guidelines, the federal government can ensure consistency and equity in how programs address the needs of men and boys. For example, federal policies can promote the adoption of restorative justice practices in schools, equitable custody arrangements in family courts, and inclusive hiring practices in the workplace. These standards provide a framework for state and local programs to follow, ensuring that efforts are aligned and complementary.
Public awareness campaigns funded or supported by the federal government can also enhance the impact of state and local programs. National campaigns that promote the importance of mental health, education, and family engagement for men and boys can raise awareness and drive participation in community-level initiatives. By amplifying these messages, the federal government can create a culture that values and supports the contributions of men and boys.
Finally, the federal government can serve as a convener, bringing together stakeholders from across sectors to address the challenges faced by men and boys. By fostering partnerships among government agencies, nonprofits, businesses, and academic institutions, the federal government can leverage resources and expertise to develop innovative solutions. These partnerships can help bridge gaps in funding, infrastructure, and knowledge, ensuring that state and local programs have the support they need to succeed.
Urgent need for a national focus on the well-being of men and boys
The well-being of men and boys in America is at a critical juncture, demanding immediate national attention and action. The challenges faced by this demographic—ranging from mental health struggles to educational disparities, economic challenges, and the erosion of traditional roles—affect not only individuals but also families, communities, and society at large. The urgency to address these issues stems from the increasing prevalence of alarming trends, such as high suicide rates among men, declining educational outcomes for boys, and systemic barriers that limit opportunities for personal and professional growth. Without decisive action, these challenges will continue to undermine the social and economic fabric of the nation.
One of the most pressing reasons for a national focus is the mental health crisis among men and boys. Men account for nearly 80% of all suicides in the United States, and substance abuse continues to ravage communities, disproportionately affecting males. Boys and young men often struggle with feelings of isolation, loneliness, and inadequacy, exacerbated by societal expectations that discourage vulnerability and emotional expression. Addressing these issues requires a coordinated effort to expand mental health resources, reduce stigma, and create spaces where men and boys can seek help without fear of judgment.
Educational disparities further highlight the need for a national focus. Boys are falling behind in critical areas such as reading and writing, with higher rates of disciplinary action and lower graduation rates compared to their female peers. This trend is particularly pronounced among boys from low-income and minority communities, who face systemic barriers that limit their academic and social opportunities. A national strategy to close these gaps must prioritize targeted interventions, mentorship programs, and policies that address the unique needs of boys in the education system.
Economic challenges also underscore the importance of a national focus on the well-being of men and boys. Declining participation in the workforce, particularly among men in historically male-dominated industries, has left many struggling to find purpose and stability. The rise of automation and globalization has displaced millions of male workers, creating economic instability and contributing to mental health issues. To address this, the federal government must invest in retraining programs, workforce development initiatives, and policies that create pathways to stable, well-paying jobs in emerging industries.
Family dynamics are another critical area requiring attention. Many men face challenges in fulfilling their roles as fathers and partners, often due to systemic barriers such as biased custody arrangements, financial strain, and a lack of supportive resources. Strengthening families through parenting education, shared parenting incentives, and family-friendly workplace policies is essential to creating environments where men can thrive and contribute meaningfully to their households.
The school-to-prison pipeline and overrepresentation of men in the criminal justice system further highlight the need for national action. Policies that emphasize punishment over rehabilitation disproportionately affect boys and men, particularly those from marginalized communities. A national focus must prioritize reforms that address the root causes of criminal behavior, provide alternatives to incarceration, and support reintegration into society. By shifting the focus from punishment to prevention, policymakers can create opportunities for men and boys to break free from cycles of poverty and incarceration.
Public awareness and cultural change are essential components of a national focus on the well-being of men and boys. Harmful stereotypes about masculinity continue to discourage men from seeking help, embracing vulnerability, and pursuing nontraditional roles in the workplace and at home. National campaigns that challenge these stereotypes and promote positive, inclusive definitions of masculinity can foster a culture that values and supports men in all aspects of their lives.
Investing in the well-being of men and boys is not only a moral imperative but also an economic necessity. Men who are healthy, educated, and engaged are more likely to contribute positively to the economy, reducing reliance on social services and increasing productivity. By addressing the systemic barriers that hold men and boys back, policymakers can unlock their potential and ensure that they are active participants in building a stronger, more equitable society.
The urgency of this issue demands a coordinated, multifaceted approach that leverages resources and expertise from across sectors. The federal government must take the lead in developing a comprehensive strategy, but success will also depend on the active involvement of state and local governments, nonprofits, businesses, and community organizations. Together, these stakeholders can create a framework for action that prioritizes the well-being of men and boys and ensures that no one is left behind.
Finally, the call to action for a national focus on the well-being of men and boys is about recognizing their inherent value and potential. Men and boys have much to contribute to their families, communities, and the nation, but they need the tools, resources, and support to do so. By investing in their well-being, society affirms its commitment to equity, opportunity, and shared prosperity.
Collaboration among policymakers, educators, healthcare providers, and community leaders
The complexity and scope of the challenges faced by men and boys require a collaborative approach that brings together stakeholders from all sectors of society. Policymakers, educators, healthcare providers, and community leaders each have a vital role to play in creating and implementing solutions that address these issues holistically. Collaboration ensures that efforts are coordinated, resources are maximized, and programs are tailored to meet the diverse needs of men and boys across the country.
Policymakers must take the lead in creating a supportive legislative and regulatory framework. This includes allocating funding for programs that address the needs of men and boys, enacting policies that promote equity in education and employment, and reforming systems that disproportionately affect men, such as criminal justice and family courts. Federal and state governments can also incentivize collaboration by providing grants and resources to encourage partnerships among stakeholders. For example, funding streams could prioritize initiatives that bring together schools, healthcare providers, and community organizations to address mental health and educational disparities.
Educators are on the front lines of addressing the challenges faced by boys in the classroom. Schools can implement mentorship programs, restorative justice practices, and gender-sensitive teaching strategies that support boys’ learning and development. Collaboration with policymakers can help secure funding for these initiatives, while partnerships with community organizations can provide additional resources and support. Educators can also play a role in raising awareness about the challenges boys face, advocating for systemic changes that create more equitable educational environments.
Healthcare providers are essential partners in promoting the well-being of men and boys. Mental health professionals, primary care physicians, and community health workers can collaborate to provide comprehensive care that addresses both physical and emotional health. Partnerships between healthcare providers and schools can ensure that boys receive early intervention and support for mental health challenges. Additionally, healthcare providers can work with policymakers to advocate for expanded access to services, particularly in underserved areas.
Community leaders bring a valuable perspective to the table, as they are often closest to the populations they serve. Faith-based organizations, nonprofits, and grassroots groups can provide insights into the specific needs and challenges of men and boys in their communities. These organizations can also serve as trusted partners in implementing programs, offering culturally relevant and accessible resources. Collaboration with policymakers and healthcare providers can help community leaders scale their efforts and reach more individuals.
Public-private partnerships are another key avenue for collaboration. Businesses can play a role in workforce development by offering training programs, internships, and mentorship opportunities for men and boys. Companies can also support initiatives that promote mental health and family engagement, such as employee assistance programs and parental leave policies. By working together, the public and private sectors can create a more comprehensive support system for men and boys.
Collaboration must also include the voices of men and boys themselves. Their lived experiences provide invaluable insights into the challenges they face and the solutions that will be most effective. Policymakers and program administrators should actively seek input from men and boys through surveys, focus groups, and advisory boards. This participatory approach ensures that programs are responsive to the needs of the populations they serve.
Technology can facilitate collaboration by providing platforms for communication, data sharing, and resource coordination. Online databases, virtual meetings, and shared dashboards can help stakeholders stay connected and informed, even when they are geographically dispersed. Technology can also expand the reach of programs, making resources accessible to men and boys in remote or underserved areas.
The success of collaborative efforts depends on clear communication and shared goals. Stakeholders must work together to establish a common vision, define roles and responsibilities, and set measurable objectives. Regular meetings, progress reports, and feedback loops can help maintain alignment and ensure accountability.
Finally, collaboration among stakeholders reinforces the idea that addressing the challenges faced by men and boys is a shared responsibility. By working together, policymakers, educators, healthcare providers, and community leaders can create a more inclusive and equitable society where all individuals have the opportunity to thrive.
Reiterating the importance of addressing the challenges faced by men and boys
The challenges faced by men and boys in the United States are not isolated issues but interconnected problems that ripple through families, communities, and society at large. From mental health crises and educational disparities to economic instability and shifts in traditional roles, these issues demand urgent attention and a unified response. Addressing the systemic barriers and cultural attitudes that limit the well-being of men and boys is not just a moral imperative—it is essential for the health, stability, and progress of the nation as a whole.
Men and boys play pivotal roles in shaping the social and economic fabric of society. Yet, they face unique struggles that often go unnoticed or unaddressed. The rising rates of suicide and substance abuse among men highlight the urgent need for mental health resources tailored to their needs. Educational disparities, including lower graduation rates and higher rates of disciplinary action, underscore the importance of reforms that recognize and accommodate the distinct challenges boys face in the classroom. Similarly, the economic dislocation caused by the decline of traditional industries has left many men struggling to find purpose and stability in a rapidly changing world.
These challenges are exacerbated by cultural norms that stigmatize vulnerability and discourage men from seeking help. Stereotypes about masculinity, which equate strength with stoicism and independence, prevent men from engaging with the resources and support systems that could improve their well-being. Breaking down these barriers requires a cultural shift that normalizes emotional expression, encourages help-seeking behaviors, and values men for their contributions beyond traditional roles.
The consequences of failing to address these challenges are far-reaching. Men who are unsupported and disconnected from opportunities for growth and fulfillment are more likely to experience poor mental health, engage in risky behaviors, and struggle to maintain stable relationships. These individual struggles can manifest as broader societal issues, including family instability, community disconnection, and economic stagnation. The ripple effects extend to children and families, as boys who lack positive role models or supportive environments are more likely to repeat cycles of disadvantage.
Reiterating the importance of this work also means acknowledging the progress that has been made and building upon it. Programs such as My Brother’s Keeper, H.E.A.L. Hawaii, and Fatherhood FIRE have demonstrated that targeted interventions can yield meaningful outcomes. These initiatives provide a blueprint for scaling successful models and developing new approaches that address gaps in support. However, the scope of these programs must be expanded, and their impact amplified through sustained investment and policy innovation.
By addressing the challenges faced by men and boys, society can unlock their full potential as individuals, partners, fathers, and community members. Men who are mentally and emotionally healthy, educated, and economically secure are better equipped to contribute positively to their families and society. Boys who are supported in their development grow into men who can navigate the complexities of the modern world with resilience, purpose, and integrity. Prioritizing the well-being of men and boys is not just about solving problems—it is about creating opportunities for everyone to thrive.
Finally, this work is not about elevating one group at the expense of another. Supporting men and boys complements and reinforces efforts to promote gender equality and equity for all. By addressing the unique challenges faced by men and boys, society can foster a culture of mutual understanding, collaboration, and shared success. The goal is not to divide but to unite, recognizing that the well-being of all individuals is interconnected and interdependent.
Vision for a healthier, more inclusive society
The vision for a healthier, more inclusive society begins with the acknowledgment that every individual, regardless of gender, deserves the opportunity to thrive. A society that supports men and boys in overcoming their challenges is one that benefits everyone. It is a society where mental health resources are accessible to all, where education is equitable and inclusive, where economic systems provide pathways to stability and growth, and where families and communities are strong, supportive, and resilient.
In this envisioned society, mental health is prioritized, and stigma is replaced by compassion and understanding. Men and boys have access to resources that address their emotional and psychological needs, with programs tailored to their unique challenges. Schools, workplaces, and community organizations actively promote mental wellness, creating environments where men feel empowered to seek help and support one another.
Education systems in this society are designed to meet the needs of all students, recognizing and addressing the disparities that affect boys. Schools embrace restorative justice practices, mentorship programs, and gender-sensitive teaching methods that foster engagement and success for boys. Male educators and role models are visible and active in schools, inspiring boys to pursue their goals and believe in their potential.
Economically, this society invests in workforce development programs that equip men with the skills needed for emerging industries. Retraining initiatives help displaced workers transition into new roles, while policies support work-life balance and shared parenting responsibilities. Men have the opportunity to participate in diverse career paths, including traditionally female-dominated fields such as healthcare and education, without fear of judgment or bias.
Families are the foundation of this society, supported by policies and programs that encourage active fatherhood, shared parenting, and family engagement. Fathers are recognized as essential contributors to their children’s development and are provided with the tools and resources needed to succeed in their roles. Families thrive in environments where both parents are supported and valued, creating stable and nurturing homes for future generations.
Communities in this society are vibrant and connected, with spaces that foster social interaction, collaboration, and mutual support. Men and boys are active participants in their communities, contributing their time, talents, and perspectives to collective efforts. Programs that promote mentorship, volunteerism, and cultural engagement create opportunities for men to find purpose and build meaningful relationships.
This society also embraces a more inclusive definition of masculinity, one that values empathy, vulnerability, and emotional intelligence alongside strength and resilience. Cultural narratives evolve to reflect the diversity and complexity of men’s experiences, breaking down stereotypes and fostering greater understanding. Men and boys are encouraged to define their own identities, free from the constraints of outdated norms and expectations.
At the heart of this vision is the belief that a healthier, more inclusive society is achievable through collaboration, commitment, and collective action. Policymakers, educators, healthcare providers, community leaders, and individuals all have a role to play in creating this future. By working together, society can address the challenges faced by men and boys and build a culture that values and supports everyone.
This vision is not a distant dream but a tangible goal. It begins with a call to action, a recognition of the urgency and importance of this work, and a commitment to making meaningful change. By investing in the well-being of men and boys, society can create a legacy of equity, opportunity, and shared prosperity—a legacy that benefits all.
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